S Garcı́a

Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with other major enterophatogens in 1 to 30-day-old diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain

Abstract Faeces samples from 218, 1 to 30-day-old, diarrheic dairy calves in 65 dairy herds were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with rotavirus, coronavirus, F5+ Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Calves were grouped according to their age as follows: 1–7, 8–14, 15–21 and 22–30 days. Cryptosporidium infection was detected in 43.8%, 71.9%, 63.2% and 6.9% of the calves in the respective age groups. Significant differences in the detection rate of Cryptosporidium were found between the age group 22–30 days and all other age groups, and between the age group 1–7 days and the age groups 8–14 days and 15–21 days. Cryptosporidium was the only enteropathogen detected in 60 of the 114 (52.6%) diarrheic calves. Concurrent infections with other enteropathogen(s) were detected in 64.3%, 46.3%, 39.5% and 0% of the Cryptosporidium-infected calves in the age groups 1–7, 8–14, 15–21 and 22–30 days, respectively. A significant age-associated decrease in the detection rate of mixed infections (p <0.05) was found. The detection rates of the other enteropathogens considered in calves with Cryptosporidium infection were 87% for rotavirus, 11.1% for coronavirus, 27.8% for F5+ E. coli and 1.8% for Salmonella.

Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and eae-positive non-VTEC in 1-30-days-old diarrhoeic dairy calves

Faecal samples from 221, 1-30-days-old, diarrhoeic dairy calves were screened for the presence of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) and eae-positive non-VTEC. Calves were grouped according to their age (1-7, 8-14, 15-21 and 22-30 days) and analyses of prevalences were done by Mantel-Haenzsel chi 2-test for trend. VTEC and eae-positive non-VTEC were detected in 20 (9.0%) and 18 (8.1%) of the diarrhoeic calves, respectively. A significant age-associated increase in the prevalence of VTEC (p = 0.0001), but not in the prevalence of eae-positive non-VTEC (p = 0.381), was found. Significant differences in VTEC prevalence were found between the age-group 22-30 days and in all other age-groups. 43 (5.0%) of the 861 E. coli isolates from the 221 diarrhoeic calves were VTEC, and 30 (69.8%) of these strains produced VT1 only. More than one-half of the VTEC strains (55.8%) were positive for the eae gene and all these eae-positive VTEC strains produced VT1 only. A high percentage (76.7%) of VTEC strains belonged to E. coli serogroups (O4, O26, O39, O91, O113, O128 and O145) associated with haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome in humans. 51 (5.9%) of the E. coli strains studied were eae-positive non-VTEC and the serogroups most prevalent among these strains were O4, O14, O26 and O123. Only four of the eae-positive strains were also espB-positive by hybridization with a probe from a human EPEC isolate and none of these strains produced VT.

Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC) isolated from healthy cattle in Spain

Aims: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC) in healthy cattle.

Prevalence and characteristics of necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli (NTEC) strains isolated from diarrhoeic dairy calves.

Fecal samples from 246, 1-90-days old diarrhoeic dairy calves in 72 herds were screened for the presence of cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF)-producing Escherichia coli (NTEC). NTEC were detected by tissue culture assays and PCR in 39 (15.8%) of the diarrheic calves, and the majority of these animals (34 of 39, ca. 87.2%) were infected by NTEC producing CNF2. Calves were grouped according to their age (1-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-21 days, 22-30 days and 31-90 days) and analyses of prevalence were done by the Mantel-Haenzsel chi2-test for trend. A significant age-associated increase in the prevalence of NTEC producing CNF2 (p<0.0001) was found. Eighty-one (8.4%) of the 958 E. coli isolates from the 246 diarrheic calves were positive for CNF in the tissue culture assays. These strains were analyzed by PCR and this technique showed that three (3.7%) strains were CNF1-positive and 75 (92.6%) were CNF2-positive. Moreover, three of the strains positive in the tissue culture assays were negative by PCR. These strains were subsequently assayed in several biological tests (rabbit skin test, mouse intraperitoneal test and mouse footpad test) which showed that they were really NTEC, probably producing CNF2, but with some different properties to classical strains producing CNF2. NTEC strains producing CNF2 belonged to different serogroups (O2, O7, O9, O14, O15, O41, O43, O45, O55, O76, O86, O88, O109, O115, O123, O128, O153 and O159) than strains producing CNF1 (O11 and O32) or PCR-negative strains (O111). Moreover, a strong association between CNF2 and F17 fimbriae was found (78.6% of CNF2-positive strains were F17-positive, whereas only 22.9% of CNF2-negative strains were F17-positive).

In vitro activities of enoxacin, enrofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic lambs and kids.

The in vitro activities of four fluoroquinolone compounds were tested against 92 Escherichia coli strains of ovine and caprine origin under aerobic and anaerobic incubation conditions. The four fluoroquinolones proved to be highly effective against the E. coli isolates tested. When bacteria were cultured anaerobically, at least fourfold increases in the MICs of enoxacin for the strains occurred and no detectable changes in enrofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin MICs occurred.

Quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic lambs in Spain

with floor type and foot lesions. Veterinary Record 142, 109-114 MOUTTOTOU, N., HATCHELL, F. M. & GREEN, L. E. (1999) Foot lesions in finishing pigs and their associations with the type of floor. Veterinary Record 144,629-632 PICKUP, H. E., CASSIDY, A. M., DANBURY, T. C., WEEKS, C. A., WATERMAN, A. E. & KESTIN, S. C. (1997) Self selection of an analgesic by broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 38, S12-S13 WELSH, E. M., GETTINBY, G. & NOLAN, A. M. (1993) Comparison of a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale for assessment of lameness, using sheep as a model. American Journal of Veterinary Research 54,976-983

INFLUENCE OF AGE OF THE DONOR SHEEP ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SUBSPECIES ANAEROBIUS AND S AUREUS BY NEUTROPHILS

The age of the sheep donating neutrophils had a marked influence in vitro on their phagocytic ability with respect to Staphylococcus aureus and S aureus subspecies anaerobius. Neutrophils from lambs five to eight weeks old phagocytosed these organisms significantly less efficiently (P < 0.001) than neutrophils from adults two to four years old. However, neutrophils from the young animals phagocytosed S aureus significantly (P < 0.001) better than S aureus subspecies anaerobius (61.5 v 53.8 per cent), whereas there was no significant difference in the ability of the neutrophils from adult sheep to phagocytose S aureus and S aureus subspecies anaerobius (68.2 v 68.2 per cent).

Investigation of attaching and effacing activity of ruminant eae-positive Escherichia coli using rabbit and lamb ligated ileal loop assays.

a moderate dilation of the right ureter. In spite of this finding, the owner has refused ainy further surgical procedure because of the potential risks, anid the dogs long-term prognosis is poor. Perinephric abscessation is a life-threatening process that is extremely rare in dogs. However, it should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis in dogs suffering from subcapsular or perirenal accuLmullations of fluid associated with nephrolitiasis and infections of the urinary tract.