S. Gaspard

Femtosecond laser processing of biopolymers at high repetition rate

The large intensities available with femtosecond (fs) laser pulses allow permanent structural modifications in transparent materials with high spatial resolution. Irradiation of self-standing transparent biopolymer films, such as collagen, pure and curcumin doped gelatine employing a 60-fs high-power 11 MHz Ti-Sapphire oscillator laser system linked to an optical microscope led to modifications and ablation. Swelling modifications consisting in the foaming of the irradiated area and formation of a single layer of bubbles arranged around the narrow ablation crater were investigated by optical, scanning force (SFM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. These modifications occur at fluences below the respective ablation thresholds, i.e. ablation processes take place on modified swelled phases. The results are discussed in terms of local temperature increase, generation of thermoelastic stress, physico-chemical effects, and in terms of an incubation model, i.e. the accumulation of these phenomena upon successive pulse irradiation.

Submicro foaming in biopolymers by UV pulsed laser irradiation

Microstructuring of polymers and biopolymers is of application in medical technology and biotechnology. Using different fabrication techniques three-dimensionally shaped and micro structured constructs can be developed for drug release and tissue engineering. As an alternative method, laser microstructuring offers a series of advantages including high resolution capability, low heat deposition in the substrate and high level of flexibility. In this work we present evidence of laser microfoam formation in collagen and gelatine by nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation in the UV at 248 and 266 nm. Irradiation at 355 nm produces melting followed by resolidification of the substrate, whereas irradiation at 532 and 1064 nm induces the formation of craters of irregular contours. Single pulse irradiation of a collagen film with an homogenized KrF microbeam yields a 20 μm thick expanded layer, which displays the interesting features of a nanofibrous 3-dimensional network with open cells. In gelatine, irradiation at 248 and 266 nm produces similar morphological modifications. The effect of the structural properties of the substrate on the laser induced microfoam is studied by comparing gelatines differing in gel strength (Bloom values 225 and 75) and in crosslinking degree. While results are discussed on the basis of thermal and photomechanical mechanisms and of the role played by the water content of the substrates, it is thought that such structures could have a biomimic function in future 3D cell culture devices for research.