S.M. Hanni

Effects of Increasing Calcium-to- Phosphorus Ratio in Diets Containing Phytase on Finishing Pig Growth Performance

available P equivalent in other treatment diets to determine whether diets were formulated above the pig’s P requirement. Increasing Ca:P decreased (quadratic; P 1.5:1.

Additional L-carnitine in the gestating sow diet improves carcass characteristics of the offspring

A total of 232 sows was used to determine the effects of an additional 50 ppm of Lcarnitine in the gestation diet on sow and offspring performance. No differences were observed in either the immediate or subsequent number of pigs born or born alive per litter (P>.10). No differences were observed in pig weight at birth, weaning, or d 60 of age. Muscle fiber analysis of newborn pigs indicated a tendency for a larger cross-sectional area of the semitendinosus muscle; increased primary (slow-twitch, red) fibers; and a higher ratio of primary to secondary fibers (fast-twitch, white). No differences were observed in the hot carcass weight, but loin depth and percentage lean were increased in offspring of sows fed L-carnitine during gestation. Therefore, although feeding L-carnitine during gestation had no effect on the number of pigs born, it improved carcass leanness of the offspring consistent with changes in muscle fiber characteristics. More research is needed to determine the optimum level of L-carnitine to use in the gestation diet.

Effects of increasing Ca:P ratio in diets containing phytase on finishing pig growth performance.

A total of 144 finishing pigs (72 barrows and 72 gilts, initially 85 lb) were used to determine the effects of calcium to total phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio in diets containing phytase on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone ash percentage. Pigs were housed in an environmentally regulated finishing building with two pigs per pen and six pens per sex per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were blocked by initial weight and sex, and then allotted to one of six dietary treatments.

The effects of reducing dietary crude protein and/or adding chicory on composition and odor of stored swine manure

A feeding study was conducted to compare nutrient excretion and odor analysis of pigs fed either a conventional corn-soybean meal diet, or a diet formulated to minimize nutrient excretion and odors through use of crystalline amino acids, phytase, and nonsulfur containing trace minerals. These diets (0.85% true digestible lysine), were fed to pigs (each initially 130 lb) with or without chicory, a feed ingredient speculated to reduce odors in swine waste. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial, with main effects of diet nutrient excretion potential (low or high) and chicory (0 or 10%). Twelve nonlittermate barrows were fed each of the four diets over four, 10-d periods in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each pig was housed in a stainless steel metabolism cage (5 × 2 ft) designed to allow separate collection of urine and feces. Feces and urine were collected between the seventh and eleventh meals in order to measure nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) intake, excretion, and retention. Feces and urine also were collected the last two days of each period and mixed into a 7.5% DM slurry for odor analysis at the University of Minnesota Olfactometry Laboratory. The 7.5% DM slurries were measured for pH, total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), hydrogen disulfide (H2S), percentage sulfur (sum of sulfur in air and slurry samples), and Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P. Air samples collected from the slurries were measured for H2S, intensity, and offensiveness. Pigs fed diets formulated to reduce nutrient excretion and odor had a 20% and 34% reduction (P<0.001) in total N and P excretion, respectively, and a 33% reduction in urinary S excretion. The addition of chicory to the diet further reduced (P<0.002) N and P excretion by 10% and 14%, respectively. Pigs fed the diets formulated to reduce nutrient excretion and odor had lower (P<0.001) total pH, ammonia, sulfur dry weight percentage, and TKN in the slurry samples. However, H2S emission, odor intensity and offensiveness were not affected (P<0.19). These results indicate that formulating a diet to meet the needs of a pig, yet lower nutrient excretion by use of synthetic amino acids, phytase, nonsulfur-containing trace mineral premixes and the addition of chicory will reduce nutrient excretion in swine manure, but do not appear to affect the intensity or offensiveness of odors.; Swine Day, 2003, Kansas State University,

Effects of increasing CA:P ratio in diets containing phytase on growth performance of grow-finish pigs

We used 144 growing-finishing pigs (72 barrows and 72 gilts; initially 85 lb) to determine the effects of calcium to total phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio on growth performance. Pigs were housed in an environmentally regulated finishing building with two pigs per pen and nine pens per sex per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were blocked by initial weight and sex, and then allotted to one of four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets fed in three phases. In each phase, diets consisted of a 1:1; 1.25:1; 1.5:1, and 2:1 Ca:P ratio. Diets were formulated to contain 0.44%, 0.39%, and 0.34% phosphorus from 70 to 130, 130 to 190, and 190 to 250 lb, respectively. All diets contained 0.05% phytase, providing 300 FTU/kg of feed. For the overall experiment, increasing Ca:P ratio decreased ADG (quadratic P<0.03) and ADFI (linear P<0.05). However, the greatest decrease in ADG and ADFI was observed when Ca:P increased from 1.5:1 to 2:1. Feed to gain was not affected by Ca:P ratio. These results suggest that in growing-finishing diets containing 300 FTU/kg phytase, a Ca:P ratio greater then 1.5:1 will decrease ADG and ADFI.

Effects of soybean meal source and level on growth performance of weanling pigs.

A total of 525 weanling pigs (initially 13.0 lb) were used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of soybean meal source and level on growth performance of early weaned pigs. In both experiments, dietary treatments included a control diet containing no soybean meal, or diets containing 20% or 40% of either solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) or extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESoy). In Exp. 1, diets were formulated with NRC (1998) nutrient values for the solvent extracted soybean meal and previously determined values (1998 KSU Swine Day Report of Progress) for the extruded-expelled soybean meal. In Exp. 1, from d 0 to 7, increasing solvent extracted soybean meal or extrudedexpelled soybean meal decreased (linear, P<0.05) ADG. Feed efficiency was reduced with an increase of either soybean meal source (SBM quadratic, P<0.05; EESoy linear, P<0.05). However, the mean ADG and F/G of pigs fed solvent extracted soybean meal were better than the mean of pigs fed extruded-expelled soybean meal. No differences were found in growth performance from d 7 to 14 and 14 to 21. However, from d 0 to 14, F/G became poorer (linear, P<0.06) as either soybean meal source increased, and the mean F/G of pigs fed solvent extracted soybean meal was better than those fed extrudedexpelled soybean meal. For the overall growth period, d 0 to 21, F/G became poorer (linear, P<0.04) as solvent extracted soybean meal increased. After the trial was completed, the soybean meal sources were chemically analyzed and the extruded-expelled soybean meal was found to be lower in crude protein (43.6% vs 46.5%) than what was used in diet formulation. We speculated that the differences in growth performance between the two soybean meal sources could have been a result of the low protein (lysine) concentrations. Therefore, in Exp. 2 diets were formulated with actual analyzed nutrient soybean meal values.

Evaluation of the effects of wheat gluten source and animal plasma blends on the growth performance of nursery pigs.

A total of 472 weanling pigs (initially 13.5 lb) were used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of wheat gluten source (WG) and combinations with spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) on growth performance of nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, the five dietary treatments included a control diet containing 6% SDAP, wheat gluten that was enzymatically hydrolyzed (Source 1), and a non-hydrolyzed wheat gluten (Source 2). The wheat gluten sources replaced L-lysine HCl and replaced 50% or 100% of the spray-dried animal plasma. From d 0 to 7, 7 to 14, and 0 to 21, increasing wheat gluten decreased (linear; P<0.05) ADG. There were no differences between wheat gluten sources. Average daily feed intake decreased similar to ADG, with the exception that ADFI of pigs fed wheat gluten Source 2 had only a slight decreasing trend (P<0.11) from d 0 to 7. Pigs fed the diet containing 6% SDAP had the greatest ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 21. When the SDAP was replaced with either wheat gluten source, ADG and ADFI linearly decreased (P<0.01) but F/G improved (P<0.04). When pigs were fed the common diet from d 21 to 35, there were no differences (P<0.05) in ADG, ADFI or F/G. In Exp. 2, the six dietary treatments included a negative control with no SDAP or WG (0:0 ratio), 9% WG (100:0 ratio), 6.75% WG and 1.25% SDAP (75:25 ratio) combination, 4.5% WG and 2.5% SDAP (50:50 ratio) combination, 2.25% WG and 3.75% SDAP (25:75 ratio) combination, and a positive control with 5% SDAP (0:100 ratio). The wheat gluten (Source 1) was enzymatically hydrolyzed, but from a different lot than Exp. 1. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed 6% SDAP had numerically greater ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the negative control diet. However, replacing SDAP with increasing amounts of WG tended to decrease (P<0.10) ADG and ADFI. These results confirm the improved ADG and ADFI of pigs fed SDAP immediately after weaning. In these experiments, replacing SDAP with WG resulted in decreased ADG.

Evaluation of wheat gluten and spray-dried animal plasma on growth performance of nursery pigs

A total of 440 weanling pigs (initially 14.3 lb) were used in two studies to evaluate the effects of increasing wheat gluten (WG) and spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) on growth performance of early weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, the six dietary treatments included a negative control, containing no wheat gluten or animal plasma, the control diet containing either 3, 6, 9, or 12% lightly modified spray-dried wheat gluten, and a positive control diet containing 5% spray-dried animal plasma. The diets containing 9% WG and 5% SDAP had the same amount of soybean meal to make a direct comparison of the two protein sources. From d 0 to 7, 7 to 14, and 0 to 14, increasing wheat gluten had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or feed efficiency. From d 0 to 7, pigs fed 5% SDAP had greater ADG than pigs fed the diet containing 9% WG but similar ADG to pigs fed the negative control. For the common period, d 14 to 28, a quadratic (P<0.01) response was observed for feed efficiency with F/G becoming poorer as wheat gluten was added up to 9% then improving as wheat gluten increased up to 12%.

Effects of paylean (ractopamine⋅HCl) on finishing pig growth and variation

A total of 336 pigs were used in a 21-day trial to determine the effect of Paylean (9.0 g/ton Ractopamine·HCl) on finishing pig growth and variation. Pigs were allotted based on weight so that all pens had the same initial weight and degree of variation within the pen. Pigs fed Paylean had greater ADG and better feed efficiency than control-fed pigs (P 0.70). The results suggest that adding Paylean to the diet improves finishing pig growth performance but does not affect weight variation within the pen.

Effects of different protein sources on growth performance of nursery pigs

A total of 170 weanling pigs (initially 16.4 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of alternative protein sources on growth performance of pigs fed from d 5 to 26 after weaning. All pigs were fed a common diet from weaning to d 5. The five dietary treatments were cornsoybean meal-based and included a control diet containing 10% dried whey, or the control diet with 5% select menhaden fish meal, 2.5% spray-dried blood cells, 3.73% enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat gluten (Source 1), or 3.51% flash-dried wheat gluten (Source 2). No differences were observed in overall ADG and ADFI; however, pigs fed the diets containing 2.5% blood cells or 5% select menhaden fish meal numerically had the best overall ADG compared to pigs fed the control diet, with pigs fed either wheat gluten sources having intermediate growth. Feed efficiency was improved for pigs fed 5% select menhaden fish meal compared with those fed the control diet, and pigs fed the other diets were intermediate. There were no differences (P<0.05) in ADG, ADFI, or F/G between wheat gluten sources.