S. Rajasekar

Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance of Transformers

The transformer (Fig. 5.1) is static and is one of the most important devices in a power system network. It does step-up or step-down of the voltage and transfers power from one circuit to other AC circuits without any change in frequency.

Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance of Energy Meters

The energy meter is a device that records the energy consumed over a specific period of time. It is an integral part of revenue realization in the distribution business. All domestic and industrial consumers need at least one energy meter to register energy consumption. Based on the meter reading, the supplier calculates the bill to the consumer. The generation company sells the electricity to the distribution company which has the responsibility to sell this energy to the consumer and consumer needs to pay the bill from the distributor.

Overview of Power Sector Scenario in India

The Indian power sector has experienced substantial growth after Independence. The total power generating capacity in India was 1.4 GW at the time of Independence, and as of September 2016 the currently installed capacity was about 306.36 GW (306,360 MW) of which thermal power is 213.22 GW (69.60%), and hydro power 43.11 GW (14.07%); RE power is 44.23 GW (14.44%) and the fastest growing sector among all the sources of power and nuclear power is 5.8 GW (1.89%). Currently, across the globe India has secured the third position in power generation, fourth in consumption, and fifth for installation capacity. The Indian power industry has had significant growth in electricity generation over the decades to 1107.8 BU in 2016, and witnessed 5.6% growth over the previous financial year.

Development and Implementation of Renewable Energy Potential Geospatial Database Mapping in India for Cloud SDI Using Open Source GIS

India is owing to the substantial gaps amongst the established energy demand and mounted power capacity, with the conclusion that the per capita energy consumption in India is one of the lowermost in the world. The opportunity for development in India’s energy system is huge. Renewable energy presently makes up a slight share (0.36%) of total main commercial energy supply, whereas 96.9% of such supplies come from fossil energies and 2.76% from hydro and atomic resources in India. The present research paper primarily proposed the renewable energy potential scenario in each and every state of India by taking different aspects with the clarification to the developed energy demand in future of India. Secondly, it has also developed the renewable energy potential geospatial database in India with the help of open-source GIS software further implementation in cloud SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure) Model for better visualization and mapping of potential sites. Present paper has used Quantum GIS 2.14.3 open-source GIS software for the geospatial database creation. The developed geospatial database has been successfully viewed and implemented with Quantum GIS 2.14.3 as thick client environment for sharing of various factors, i.e. wind, small hydropower, biomass power and solar which are associated with the renewable energy potential scenario in India.

Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance of Subtransmission and Distribution Lines

In a power system the distribution network is the final stage, which includes carrying electricity from the transmission system and also delivering the electricity to the end users (Fig. 3.1). The components of this network are power lines (medium voltage below 66 kV), substations, distribution transformers, meters, and low-voltage distribution wings (below 1 kV). It begins with the primary circuit leaving the substation and ends as the secondary service enters the customer’s meter socket. The voltage varies from 33 kV to 230 V depending on the utility standards, distance, and load to be served.

Best Practices in Distribution Engineering and Automation

For losses in the distribution system and for quality improvement of the supply high-voltage distribution system (HVDS) system it is recommended to erect a 5 kV, 10 kV, or 16 kV small-size single-phase transformer with 11 kV lines nearer to the load and release the supply at least to the LT line. Aerial bunched cables (ABC) cover short LT lengths.

Distribution Planning and Optimization

Distribution planning is an important study for expansion of the power system network under load growth at the least cost. The main aim is to improve system performance, utilizing power in an optimal way and reducing the system operating costs, and also provide information to ensure an ample power supply and uninterrupted service. Distribution planning must now include reliability/cost tradeoffs explicitly.

International Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance (Advanced Gadgets)

Aiming to track every unit of energy injected into the system, power utilities are increasingly being attracted towards reliable and smart technology driven by distribution system tools and tackles [1]. These devices came into existence with a promise to improve reliability of the power system by identifying the difficulties in operation and maintenance in power distribution systems.

Best Practices in Operation and Maintenance of Distribution Substation Equipment and Auxiliaries

A power distribution substation is the heart of an electrical distribution network. Its prime objective is to step down power at the 66 or 33 kV level and distribute it in an 11 kV subdistribution network. Normally these kinds of substations are located near load centers at the outskirts of cities.

Solution for Multi-area Unit Commitment Problem Using PSO-Based Modified Firefly Algorithm

A new approach applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) and firefly algorithm (FA) has been proposed for solving economic dispatch and multi-area unit commitment problems, in this paper. In FA, the flashing behavior depends on the random movement factor, which gets fixed and causes the solution to vary uncertainly. Hence, PSO algorithm is used to optimize the random movement factor of FA. Using the proposed PSO-based FA, the ON/OFF status of generating units of multi-area system is determined. The effective equality and inequality constraints are considered to solve the multi-area system. The proposed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB working platform and is applied to four areas with 26 generating unit systems for a 24-h schedule. The performance of proposed method has been compared with other recent reported results. The implication of proposed method is clarified and verified by numerical results.