S. Steinke

Multistage coupling of independent laser-plasma accelerators

Laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) are capable of accelerating charged particles to very high energies in very compact structures. In theory, therefore, they offer advantages over conventional, large-scale particle accelerators. However, the energy gain in a single-stage LPA can be limited by laser diffraction, dephasing, electron-beam loading and laser-energy depletion. The problem of laser diffraction can be addressed by using laser-pulse guiding and preformed plasma waveguides to maintain the required laser intensity over distances of many Rayleigh lengths; dephasing can be mitigated by longitudinal tailoring of the plasma density; and beam loading can be controlled by proper shaping of the electron beam. To increase the beam energy further, it is necessary to tackle the problem of the depletion of laser energy, by sequencing the accelerator into stages, each powered by a separate laser pulse. Here, we present results from an experiment that demonstrates such staging. Two LPA stages were coupled over a short distance (as is needed to preserve the average acceleration gradient) by a plasma mirror. Stable electron beams from a first LPA were focused to a twenty-micrometre radius—by a discharge capillary-based active plasma lens—into a second LPA, such that the beams interacted with the wakefield excited by a separate laser. Staged acceleration by the wakefield of the second stage is detected via an energy gain of 100 megaelectronvolts for a subset of the electron beam. Changing the arrival time of the electron beam with respect to the second-stage laser pulse allowed us to reconstruct the temporal wakefield structure and to determine the plasma density. Our results indicate that the fundamental limitation to energy gain presented by laser depletion can be overcome by using staged acceleration, suggesting a way of reaching the electron energies required for collider applications.

Active Plasma Lensing for Relativistic Laser-Plasma-Accelerated Electron Beams

Compact, tunable, radially symmetric focusing of electrons is critical to laser-plasma accelerator (LPA) applications. Experiments are presented demonstrating the use of a discharge-capillary active plasma lens to focus 100-MeV-level LPA beams. The lens can provide tunable field gradients in excess of 3000 T/m, enabling cm-scale focal lengths for GeV-level beam energies and allowing LPA-based electron beams and light sources to maintain their compact footprint. For a range of lens strengths, excellent agreement with simulation was obtained.

Measured Emittance Dependence on the Injection Method in Laser Plasma Accelerators

Single-shot, charge-dependent emittance measurements of electron beams generated by a laser plasma accelerator (LPA) reveal that shock-induced density down-ramp injection produces beams with normalized emittances a factor of 2 smaller than beams produced via ionization injection. Such a comparison is made possible by the tunable LPA setup, which allows electron beams with nearly identical central energy and peak spectral charge density to be produced using the two distinct injection mechanisms. Parametric measurements of this type are essential for the development of LPA-based applications which ultimately require high charge density and low emittance.

Dynamics of Nanometer-Scale Foil Targets Irradiated with Relativistically Intense Laser Pulses

In this letter we report on an experimental study of high harmonic radiation generated in nanometer-scale foil targets irradiated under normal incidence. The experiments constitute the rst unambiguous observation of odd-numbered relativistic harmonics generated by the ~ ~ B component of the Lorentz force verifying a long predicted property of solid target harmonics. Simultaneously the observed harmonic spectra allow in-situ extraction of the target density in an experimental scenario which is of utmost interest for applications such as ion acceleration by the radiation pressure of an ultraintense laser.

Measured bremsstrahlung photonuclear production of 99Mo (99mTc) with 34 MeV to 1.7 GeV electrons

(99)Mo photonuclear yield was measured using high-energy electrons from Laser Plasma Accelerators and natural molybdenum. Spectroscopically resolved electron beams allow comparisons to Monte Carlo calculations using known (100)Mo(γ,n)(99)Mo cross sections. Yields are consistent with published low-energy data, and higher energy data are well predicted from the calculations. The measured yield is (15±2)×10(-5) atoms/electron (0.92±0.11 GBq/μA) for 25 mm targets at 33.7 MeV, rising to (1391±20)×10(-5) atoms/electron (87±2 GBq/μA) for 54 mm/ 1.7 GeV, with peak power-normalized yield at 150 MeV.

Reflectance characterization of tape-based plasma mirrors

Specular reflections of relativistic laser pulses from an overdense plasma mirror (PM) were studied experimentally. The pointing stability of the PM and reflectance of the input laser were characterized. The solid material used for the PM was a VHS tape. This study was done for the magnetic and plastic sides of the VHS tape, and for input light of both s and p-polarizations. The laser pulse fluence was varied by changing the focus position relative to the tape surface, which changed the spot size at the tape. The pointing fluctuations of the reflected pulses caused by the PM were ≃1 mrad. A peak reflectance of 82% was obtained from the plastic surface of the VHS tape when focusing s-polarized light 4 mm from the tape surface (the wavefront quality was confirmed to be conserved). An analytic model was developed to understand the physics of the interaction for each tape material and polarization. Fitting of our model parameters to the experimental results allowed an estimate of the key plasma parameters suc...

Coaction of strong electrical fields in laser irradiated thin foils and its relation to field dynamics at the plasma-vacuum interface

The effective action of strong electrical fields on a beam of protons passing through a laser irradiated thin foil has been investigated. The energy distribution function of protons propagating along the surface normal changes in a pronounced way, exhibiting a gap in the spectrum accompanied by up to two local maxima. The temporal behavior is set into context with expectations derived from the evolution of strong electrical fields at the plasma-vacuum interface, usually being considered responsible for fast ion acceleration during the initial stage of laser driven plasma expansion. Our investigation reveals complex field effects in thin foils when irradiated with intense and ultra-short pulses with a very high temporal contrast. The experiments were performed with a laser accelerated proton beam, the probe, traversing a “plasma slab” created by ultra-short ( 80fs), high-intensity (~ 1 × 1019 W/cm2) laser irradiation of a 30 nm to 800 nm thick foil. Laser pulses with different temporal contrast and pulse duration have been used, both for the probe and for the plasma slab creation (the pump). An analytical model is discussed to approach an understanding of the observation.

Dynamics and density distributions in a capillary-discharge waveguide with an embedded supersonic jet

We present an analysis of the gas dynamics and density distributions within a capillary-discharge waveguide with an embedded supersonic jet. This device provides a target for a laser plasma accelerator which uses longitudinal structuring of the gas-density profile to enable control of electron trapping and acceleration. The functionality of the device depends sensitively on the details of the density profile, which are determined by the interaction between the pulsed gas in the jet and the continuously-flowing gas in the capillary. These dynamics are captured by spatially resolving recombination light from several emission lines of the plasma as a function of the delay between the jet and the discharge. We provide a phenomenological description of the gas dynamics as well as a quantitative evaluation of the density evolution. In particular, we show that the pressure difference between the jet and the capillary defines three regimes of operation with qualitatively different longitudinal density profiles and show that jet timing provides a sensitive method for tuning between these regimes.

Sub-structure of laser generated harmonics reveals plasma dynamics of a relativistically oscillating mirror

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the dynamics of a relativistically oscillating plasma slab reveal spectral line splitting in laser driven harmonic spectra, leading to double harmonic series. Both series are well characterized with harmonics arising by two fundamental frequencies. While a relativistic oscillation of the critical density drives the harmonic emission, the splitting is a result of an additional acceleration during the laser pulse duration. In comparison with the oscillatory movement, this acceleration is rather weak and can be described by a plasma shock wave driven by the pressure of light. We introduce particle in cell simulations and an analytical model explaining the harmonic line splitting. The derived analytical formula gives direct access between the splitting in the harmonic spectrum and the acceleration of the plasma surface.

Staging of independent laser plasma accelerators

We present results of an experiment where two independent Laser-Plasma-Accelerator (LPA) stages are coupled at a short distance by a plasma mirror. Changing the arrival time of the electron beam with respect to the second-stage laser pulse allowed reconstruction of the temporal field structure and determination of the plasma density. Injection into the wakefield of the second stage was verified by a 100 MeV energy gain of the electron beam.