S. V. Pisarenko

SYNTHESIS AND CLEAVAGE OF 1,3,7-TRIAZAPYRENE ETHERS

Oxidative alkoxylation of 1,3,7-triazapyrenes in the system ROH–H2O–KOH–K3Fe(CN)6 leads via a tandem SNH–SNH process to the formation of 6,8-dialkoxy-1,3,7-triazapyrenes. Hydrolytic cleavage of these ethers leads to products of single or double dealkylation, depending on the reaction conditions.

Unexpected result from the interaction of 1,8-diamino-naphthalene with aromatic nitriles in polyphosphoric acid

The reaction of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene dihydrochloride with acetonitrile and butyronitrile at high temperature gave 2-methyland 2-propylperimidine respectively [1]. We investigated the reaction of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene (1) with aromatic nitriles in polyphosphoric acid* (PPA) assuming that it would form only 2-Ar-perimidines, or (by analogy with carbonic acids [2]) products of their acylation. The reaction occurred on heating the reagents above 100°C, but the unexpected products were the previously unknown 2,6,8-triaryl1,3,7-triazapyrenes 3a-c.

1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition in a Series of 7-Oxoalkyl-1,3,7-Triazapyrenium salts

A series of new 7-R-1,3,7-triazapyrenium salts has been synthesized. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction has been investigated in the case of 7-β-oxoalkyl-1,3,7-triazapyrenium salts.

7-alkyl-1,3,7-triazapyrenium salts: Rare event of oxidative hydroxylation under the conditions of acid catalysis

The transformation of N-alkylpyridinium salts into the corresponding N-alkylpyridones under the treatment with an alkaline solution of K3[Fe(CN)6] discovered by Decker to the end of XIX century [1] became a standard preparation procedure for N-alkylpyridones [2]. This reaction was later extended to numerous other heteroaromatic cations [3, 4]. The potassium ferrocyanide remains the classic oxidant in this reaction, more seldom oxygen [5] and other oxidants [6] are employed. The general condition of the reaction is the alkaline water medium. We formerly reported on the synthesis and oxidative hydroxylation of 1and 7-alkyl-1,3,7-triazapyrenium salts [7]. In the system KOH–K3[Fe(CN)6]–H2O they formed 2and 6-oxoderivatives respectively. We report here on an uncommon reaction of oxidative hydroxylation of 7-alkyl-1,3,7-triazapyrenium salts Ia–Ic under acid catalysis. It was found that at the addition of K3[Fe(CN)6] to the solution of salts Ia–Ic in 60% sulfuric acid the reaction readily proceeded at room temperature yielding the products of oxidative hydroxylation IIa–IIc. The probable mechanism of this reaction involves the protonation of salt I, the nucleophilic attack on dication A of a water molecule, and the subsequent oxidation of the product of the covalent hydration, cation of pseudobase B (or of the pseudobase itself). In such reactions occurring in alkaline medium the anion of the pseudobase

Global evolution and phylogeography of Brucella melitensis strains

BackgroundBrucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease. Annually in the world more than 500,000 new cases of brucellosis in humans are registered. In this study, we propose an evolutionary model of the historical distribution of B. melitensis based on the full-genomic SNP analysis of 98 strains.ResultsWe performed an analysis of the SNP of the complete genomes of 98 B. melitensis strains isolated in different geographical regions of the world to obtain relevant information on the population structure, genetic diversity and the evolution history of the species. Using genomic sequences of 21 strains of B. melitensis isolated in Russia and WGS data from the NCBI database, it was possible to identify five main genotypes and 13 species genotypes for analysis. Data analysis based on the Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography method allowed to determine the regions of geographical origin and the expected pathways of distribution of the main lines (genotypes and subgenotypes) of the pathogen.ConclusionsWithin the framework of our study, the model of global evolution and phylogeography of B. melitensis strains isolated in various regions of the planet was proposed for the first time. The sets of unique specific SNPs described in our study, for all identified genotypes and subgenotypes, can be used to develop new bacterial typing and identification systems for B. melitensis.

New single nucleotide polymorphisms of androgen receptor gene (AR) in the Russian breed of Dzhalginsky Merino sheep

This paper investigates the structure of androgen receptor gene (AR) in the Russian breed of Dzhalginsky Merino sheep. Polymorphisms of the gene were detected using NimbleGen sequencing technology (Roche, United States). Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two insertions were detected. Five of these SNPs (c.335T>G, c.339G>A, c.342T>C, c.2491-327T>A, and c.2491-325A>T) and both insertions were identified for the first time. Three SNPs and the insertions are located in the coding part of exon. Insertion c.336_337 is found in most of the animals of this breed and can be used as a genomic marker of the breed. Animals with mutant variant of SNP c.1496+15T>C have significantly lower live weight and body size compared with the wild type genotype. This SNP can be used as a genetic marker of meat production in marker-assisted selection.

Associations Between Newly Discovered Polymorphisms of the CEBPD GENE LOCUS and Body Parameters in Sheep

ABSTRACT An understanding of what effects particular genes can have on body parameters in productive animals is particularly significant for the process of marker-assisted selection. The gene of transcriptional factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD gene) is involved in the process of growth in animals and is known to be a promising candidate for use as a genomic marker. The structure of the CEBPD gene locus was determined using NimbleGen sequencing technology (Roche, USA). The effect of polymorphisms, which were identified using the aforementioned technology, was investigated in 30 rams of the Manych Merino sheep breed. Twenty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were detected in the CEBPD gene locus. Significantly, two SNPs, namely, g.315T>G and g.327C>T, have been identified for the first time. It was demonstrated that the complex of linked SNPs, consisting of g.301A>T, g.426T>C, and g.1226T>C, had a negligible effect on body parameters in Manych Merino sheep. Animals with the heterozygous type of SNP g.1142C>T exhibited changes solely in the chest and croup width. The newly discovered SNP g.327C>T was proven to have a negative effect on live weight and body size (p < 0.05) in Manych Merino sheep. Sheep with the heterozygous type of g.562G>A and g.3112C>G SNP complex showed an increase in live weight and dimensions (p < 0.05) compared with those of wild homozygous type. Consequently, SNPs g.327C>T, g.562G>A, and g.3112C>G in the CEBPD gene locus can be successfully used as markers in sheep breeding. Future research will evaluate the influence of the aforementioned SNPs on slaughter indicators for sheep meat production.