S. Verma

Clinicopathological study of tumous of hypopharynx

Thirty cases of tumors of hypopharyiix were admitted in EST department ofRujendra Hospital, Patiala for ciinicopathological study. Peak age incidence of tumours was seen in 6th decade of Life. Males were affected more than females (23:7), Alcohul consumption, smoking and poor orodental hygiene were important predisposing factors responsible for the disease. Maximum number of cases the growth was seen in pyrifarm fossa (80%). Dysphagia, neck mass and throat pain were commonest symptoms. AU cases were found to be Mstologicalty squamous cell carcinoma. Most of the patients presented in advanced stage with cervical lymphnode metastasis in 60% of cases

Nutrient Management Strategies for Improving Soil Health and Productivity of Ravine Lands

The deep ravine of Chambal is the most fragile stressed ecosystem and suffers heavily because of erosion. The soils of this region are sandy loam with very little organic matter and very poor binding capacity. There are tremendous soil (> 30 Mg ha−1 year−1), water (> 70% of rainfall), and nutrient (> 350 kg of NPK year−1) losses during rainy season, and this problem is still aggravating to the farmers by spreading to fertile lands. The loosely held soil particles favor high infiltration rate (> 7 cm h−1), and the high elevation differences between land and riverbed are catalyzing reason to create a high gradient for gushing underground water current toward the river which carries soil and water with it. The formation of ravine is a hydraulic energy-generated phenomenon, and it can be cured only after a clear understanding of how to minimize hydraulic gradient and hydrodynamic pressures. Further, advancement of ravine can be checked very easily by adopting indigenous and innovative technologies based on energy concept. Multistep leveling is one of the very recent and innovative technologies and is economically viable with almost checking all kinds of losses, whereas improvised gabion structure is a very economical and suitable conservation method to check/minimize soil and water losses under ravine conditions. Adoption of various kinds of modules also helped in minimizing natural losses among them. Silvopastoral and silvi-medicinal systems are very effective from point of conservations, while agro-horti, agroforestry, silvopastoral, and silvi-medicinal modules are most feasible under ravine conditions and are efficient in the order mentioned.

Greening of Ravines: A Strategy for Viable Production and Mitigation to Climate Change

Since formation of ravines is a function of uncontrolled runoff, the management of rainwater on watershed basis is the only strategy for the control and reclamation of ravines. Deep ravines pose the problems of inaccessibility, very steep slope of ravine banks, strong water flow lines, and high permeability of soil making limited land shaping unavoidable. After necessary land shaping in world infamous Chambal ravines covering an area of 304,300 ha in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh states of India, strategy for viable production and mitigation of climate change was framed, and accordingly five different modules of plantation were tried, namely diversified cropping, agri-horticultural, horti-pastoral, silvi-medicinal, and silvopastoral, using land according to its suitability. The greatest carbon was produced under diversified cropping system followed by horti-pastoral, agri-horticultural, silvi-medicinal, and silvopastoral system during the first year, whereas maximum carbon production with agri-horticulture is followed by horti-pastoral, diversified cropping system, silvi-medicinal, and silvopastoral system from second year onward. Similarly, under crops’ higher yield and carbon production with 150% of recommended dose of fertilizers were obtained. The highest carbon production among crops and plants was with Moringa oleifera followed by Dalbergia sissoo and pearl millet followed by maize, respectively. The land and water management works must be planned for entire watershed starting from the ridge and including tableland. While technology for shallow and medium ravines has been worked out, afforestation of deep ravines is recommended.

Management of Chambal Ravines for Income Enhancement

Deep to very deep ravines in Chambal valley represent the worst form of land degradation by runoff water. Initial splash erosion caused by raindrop goes unnoticed, but subsequent formation of rills and gullies was too conspicuous to be missed, and this was the stage of erosion to be tackled through well-established and tested technology evolved by research for rainwater management on watershed basis. But policymakers and planners thought soil and water conservation to be one-time operation involving mostly mechanical structures. Accordingly, budget and targets (hectarage) were fixed. Soil conservationists constructed field bunds and property bunds in the name of contour/graded bunds and leveled the ravine land without measures to hold the loose soil in situ; tanks were constructed at sites having no catchments, and structures of inappropriate type and designs were constructed at improper sites. Consequently, the land degradation went from bad to worst. A network of gullies changed into network of deep and very deep gullies still marching ahead unabated as deep and large ravines, despite of spending millions of rupees again on leveling, bunding, and aerial spray of seeds for afforestation. The fact is that foolproof technology for reclamation and control of very deep ravines is just not available nor can it be evolved by conducting research on well-managed research station farms. To be purposeful, the research must be conducted right on the land under very deep ravines. Thanks to efforts made by RVS. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya for getting some funds from Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi, for conducting research under NICRA Project at Aisah village district Morena, whose almost all land is under deep ravines and has therefore been shifted to a new site. Very good beginning was made during the last 2 years of operation of project to demonstrate how the inaccessible land with deserted look can be changed into greenery of economic plants yielding vegetables, fruits, food grains, fiber, fuel, and raw material for valuable medicines. However, the technology to make the soil stay in situ rather than in transit for conservation farming on deep ravines is still to be perfected. The performance of various types of land shaping tried to control the advance of deep gullies and reclaim these could not be confirmed within the limited period of 3–4 years. Hence, there is a need to conduct further research on (1) to confirm various observations already made, (2) to implement a strong program of hydrometeorological monitoring to have locality-specific information for precise designing of various structures, (3) to test anicut system for gully control and ravine reclamation in the upper most area where general land slope and the slope of main gully bed are >3%, and (4) to work out the manurial requirement of various crops to be grown on soil after land shaping.

Encoding in VLSI Interconnects

This paper reviews different encoding schemes for reduction of power dissipation, crosstalk noise and delay. The encoding scheme is categorized based on the type of encoding methods and their power, delay reduction capability with crosstalk avoidance. Crosstalk is aggravated by enhanced switching activity which is frequently main reason for the malfunctioning of any VLSI chip. Consequently, delay and power dissipation also increases due to enhanced crosstalk. Reduction in switching activities through coupled transmission line results in enormous reduction of power dissipation, crosstalk and delay. The researchers therefore often concentrate on encoding schemes that reduces the transitions of the signals. This paper reviews all such encoding schemes.

Structure of N⩾126 nuclei produced in fragmentation of 238U

The nuclear structure of neutron-rich N≥126 nuclei have been investigated following their production via relativistic projectile fragmentation of a E/A=l GeV 238U beam on a Be target. The cocktail of secondary beam products were separated and identified using the GSI FRagment Separator (FRS). The nuclei of interest were implanted in a high-granularity active stopper detector set-up consisting of 6 double sided silicon strip detectors. The associated gamma-ray transitions were detected with the RISING array, consisting of 15 Euroball cluster Ge-detectors. Time-correlated gamma decays from individually identified nuclear species have been recorded, allowing the clean identification of isomeric decays.

Surgeons-Take care of pre and par-Surgical rituals

Surgeons must become convinced regarding the strict adherence to a meticulous operating room ritual and an equally careful aseptic technique for the pre and post opcrative care Surgeons have lived with the risk of contracting potentially fatal vual diseases for the last three decades The author reviens here, the hazards of blood exposure and the measures that ought to be taken