S. Ya. Betsofen

Influence of the deformation mechanism on the anisotropy of the mechanical properties and workability of magnesium alloys

An experimental calculation method for the estimation of anisotropy is developed for semifinished sheet and pressed products made from magnesium alloys. The method makes it possible to calculate the anisotropy parameters from quantitative data on the texture and the relative values of the reduced critical shear stresses for the slip and twinning mechanisms operating in these alloys. The optimal alloying of magnesium alloys is shown to provide two methods for enhancing the deep drawing characteristics, namely, decreasing the intensity of the basal texture due to the formation of dispersed intermetallic compounds and increasing the compressive-strain resistance compared to tension due to a change in the deformation mechanism. Yttrium and neodymium are found to be most efficient in this respect, because they favor such a deformation mechanism that increases the Lankford coefficient by two to four times at the same texture in sheets. In addition, neodymium alloying weakens the intensity of the basal texture, which also favors an increase in the Lankford coefficient.

Effect of alloying elements on the formation of rolling texture in Mg-Nd-Zr and Mg-Li alloys

The effect of alloying on the texture of Mg-Nd-Zr and Mg-Li alloy sheets is studied using pole and inverse pole figures. The basal texture intensity in rolling of Mg-Nd-Zr alloys is shown to be substantially decreased due to the precipitation of dispersed intermetallic Mg12Nd phase particles. As a result, the workability characteristics during deep drawing can be increased. Lithium alloying causes the formation of a prismatic rolling texture, which is unusual for magnesium alloys, as a result of the phase transformation of the lithium-based bcc phase into the magnesium-based hexagonal close-packed phase that obeys the Burgers orientation relationships.

Phase compositions of aluminum alloys and the volume effects of the phase transformations in them

A procedure is developed for determining the contents of intermetallic phases from the experimentally measured lattice parameter of the α solid solution in Al-Mg, Al-Cu, and Al-Mg-Li alloys using balance equations for their chemical and phase compositions. Information on the relation between the fractions of the intermetallic phases can be used to estimate the volumetric and linear changes in the alloys during heat treatment and plastic deformation. Equations are given for the calculating the contents of the S1 (Al2MgLi) and δ′(Al3Li) phases in commercial grade 1420 and 1424 alloys.

Effect of heat treatment conditions on the structure and mechanical properties of a cast Al-Li-Cu aluminum alloy

Quenching and one- and two-stage aging conditions are found for a high-strength Al-Li-Cu cast alloy with a low density from the results of studying its structure, mechanical properties, and aging kinetics.

Texture and anisotropy in the mechanical properties of titanium alloys caused by the mechanism of plastic deformation

Texture formation during sheet stamping and die forging of α titanium alloys is studied, and the effect of texture and the mechanism of plastic deformation on the strength of internal-pressure spherical vessels is considered. It is shown that, apart from texture, the anisotropy of the strength properties of the α alloys, which is estimated from the difference in the uniaxial-and biaxial-loading strengths, also depends on the chemical composition of the alloy. In the textureless state, the strength of the spherical vessels is higher than the uniaxial strengths of the VT5-1kt, PT3V, and PT3Vkt alloys by 4, 16, and 38%, respectively. This effect is found to be caused by the difference in the relative values of the critical shear stresses for operating slip and twinning systems. The high ductility of the PT3Vkt alloy is related to the fact that it has a ratio of critical shear stresses in the operating slip and twinning systems such that the material is virtually isotropic with respect to tensile loads. This specific feature minimizes the effect of the incompatibility of deformation in grains with different orientations during tension, which is the main cause of the fracture of titanium alloys. The results obtained are used to propose a quantitative criterion to estimate the technological ductility in order to design new titanium alloys.

Effect of the composition of Al-Li alloys on the quantitative relation between the δ′(Al3Li), S1(Al2MgLi), and T1(Al2CuLi) phases

Al-Li alloys are considered. A quantitative approach to the determination of the ratio of the fractions of the binary and ternary intermetallic phases in Al-Mg(Cu)-Li alloys is developed on the basis of chemical and phase composition balance equations and the experimentally measured lattice parameter of the α solid solution. The ratio of the fractions of the δ′(Al3Li) and S1(T1) phases in Al-Mg(Cu)-Li alloys is shown to be determined by the ratio of the mole fractions of Li and Mg(Cu). Equations are proposed for calculating the weight fractions of the S1(Al2MgLi), T1(Al2CuLi) and δ′(Al3Li) phases in domestic and foreign Al-Mg-Li alloys 1420, 1424, 5090 and Al-Cu-Li alloys 1440, 1460, 1461, 1441, 1469, 2090, 2095, 8090, and Weldalite 049.

Quantitative methods for estimating the anisotropy of the strength properties and the phase composition of Mg-Al alloys

Quantitative methods have been developed to estimate the anisotropy of the strength properties and to determine the phase composition of Mg-Al alloys. The efficiency of the methods is confirmed for MA5 alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation. It is shown that the Taylor factors calculated for basal slip averaged over all orientations of a polycrystalline aggregate with allowance for texture can be used for a quantitative estimation of the contribution of the texture of semifinished magnesium alloy products to the anisotropy of their strength properties. A technique of determining the composition of a solid solution and the intermetallic phase Al12Mg17 content is developed using the measurement of the lattice parameters of the solid solution and the known dependence of these lattice parameters on the composition.

Effect of alloying elements on the texture and the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys with REM, lithium, and aluminum

The formation of the texture and the anisotropy of the mechanical properties in extruded rods of commercial alloys MA5, MA18, MA21 and also experimental Mg-Y-based and Mg-Y-Ce-based alloys are studied by X-ray diffraction and the measurement of the hardness and the tensile and compressive properties. It is shown that the magnesium alloys can be separated into three groups according to the anisotropy of the mechanical properties. The first group consists of the alloys not containing rare-earth metals and lithium, and the second group is the alloys with yttrium for which the yield strength in the axial direction of the rods are significantly higher than those in the transverse direction. The alloys of the first group demonstrate a substantial excess of the yield strength in the axial direction in the tension tests as compared to those in compression tests, and the second group alloys do not demonstrate such a difference. The ceriumand lithium-containing alloys (the third group) exhibit a weak anisotropy of the strength properties. A method for estimating the anisotropy of the strength properties is developed on the basis of calculation of the Taylor factors for basal slip averaged over all orientations of crystallites, and a quantitative method is developed for determining the phase composition by measuring the solid solution lattice parameter.

X-ray Technique for the Estimation of Residual Stresses after Shot-Blasting Metal Forming

A technique is developed for the correction of the depth distribution of residual stresses measured by an X-ray method with allowance for their relaxation upon the removal of surface layers. This technique is applied to the study of a D16 aluminum alloy strip subjected to shot-blasting metal forming. This technique can be used to estimate the distribution of residual stresses across massive parts after various types of treatment.

Texture and anisotropy of the mechanical properties of MA14 and MA2-1 alloys produced by granular metallurgy

The contribution of texture to the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of semifinished products from MA14 and MA2-1 alloys prepared by capsule-free pressing of granules is quantitatively evaluated using inverse pole figures and calculated Taylor orientation factors for basal slip. It is shown that the texture intensity and the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of the pressed semiproducts are lower than those of the semiproducts from an ingot and the compressive yield strength is substantially higher.