S. Zaremba

Cyclotron magnet calculations

Different aspects of a cyclotron magnet design, and not only calculations, are reviewed. The design is an iterative process starting from a simple model which requires a vision of the complete cyclotron and an integration of all subsystems. Finally detailed cyclotron magnet calculations are described.

High intensity H/sup -/ cyclotrons for radioisotope production

A description is given of Cyclone 30, a 30-MeV, H/sup -/ cyclotron for radioscope production, designed for extremely high extracted beam intensity (500 mu A) and low power consumption (less than 100 kW with a 15-kW extracted beam). The Cyclone 30 prototype has now been operational for years at Louvain-La-Neuve and has achieved all design goals while demonstrating very high reliability. The major events in its development are reviewed. The data gathered so far give general basic trends for future designs; a 70-MeV, 2-mA machine design study is presented.<<ETX>>

A new design of truly selfshielding baby-cyclotrons for positron emitter production

The successful design of the Cyclone 30, a 30-MeV H/sup -/ cyclotron, gave birth to an original design of truly selfshielding baby-cyclotrons dedicated to positron emitter production. This new negative ion cyclotron will deliver 10-MeV protons and 5-MeV deuterons. Up to eight targets are located inside the circular return yoke of the magnet, which serves as a primary neutron and gamma-ray shield. The cyclotron is embedded in an additional neutron shield made of borated-hydrogenated material. One of the main goals of the design is the ease of access to the targets and to the cyclotron inner parts without compromising the shielding efficiency. Any combination of two opposed targets can be irradiated simultaneously. The size and weight of the proposed system are considerably reduced compared to those of existing cyclotrons.<<ETX>>

Realignment of a diverging electron beam: a new beam delivery system for rhodotrons

Industrially useful electron beams produced at 300 keV or more are typically generated by introducing an oscillating magnetic field near the apex of a triangular scanning horn, thus creating a diverging treatment field. Product dosing is then accomplished by conveying target material through this field. For many irradiation applications this diverging beam introduces inefficiencies in beam power utilization and dosing non-uniformity. This paper presents beam delivery systems developed by IBA for Rhodotron accelerators and, in particular, a new scan horn for delivery of a non-diverging beam.

Cyclotrons: Magnetic Design and Beam Dynamics

Classical, isochronous, and synchro-cyclotrons are introduced. Transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics in these accelerators are covered. The problem of vertical focusing and iscochronism in compact isochronous cyclotrons is treated in some detail. Different methods for isochronization of the cyclotron magnetic field are discussed. The limits of the classical cyclotron are explained. Typical features of the synchro-cyclotron, such as the beam capture problem, stable phase motion, and the extraction problem are discussed. The main design goals for beam injection are explained and special problems related to a central region with an internal ion source are considered. The principle of a Penning ion gauge source is addressed. The issue of vertical focusing in the cyclotron centre is briefly discussed. Several examples of numerical simulations are given. Different methods of (axial) injection are briefly outlined. Different solutions for beam extraction are described. These include the internal target, extraction by stripping, resonant extraction using a deflector, regenerative extraction, and self-extraction. Different methods of creating a turn separation are explained. Different types of extraction device, such as harmonic coils, deflectors, and gradient corrector channels, are outlined. Some general considerations for cyclotron magnetic design are given and the use of modern magnetic modelling tools is discussed, with a few illustrative examples. An approach is chosen where the accent is less on completeness and rigorousness (because this has already been done) and more on explaining and illustrating the main principles that are used in medical cyclotrons. Sometimes a more industrial viewpoint is taken. The use of complicated formulae is limited.

Magnet Design of the New IBA Cyclotron for PET Radio-isotope Production

An innovative isochronous cyclotron for PET isotope production has been designed, constructed, tested and industrialized at Ion Beam Applications (IBA) [1]. The design has been optimized for cost-effectiveness, compactness, ease of maintenance and high performance,which are key elements considering its application in the dedicated market. This cyclotron (patent application pending) produces 18MeV protons and the cyclotron is called the Cyclone® KIUBE. Compared to the previous 18MeV proton and 9MeV deuteron machine from IBA, the Cyclone®18/9, the gap between the poles has been reduced from 30mm to 24mm and the method of pole shimming to obtain an isochronous magnetic field has been reviewed thoroughly. In early 2016, the first prototype Cyclone® KIUBEwas successfully commissioned at the IBA factory and the measured proton beam intensity outperformed the Cyclone® 18/9.

Development of the Cyclone® Kiube: A Compact, High Performance and Self-Shielded Cyclotron for Radioisotope Production

About 15 months ago, at IBA, we have launched the design, construction, tests and industrialization of an innovative isochronous cyclotron for PET isotope production (patent applications pending). The design has been optimized for cost effectiveness, compactness, ease of maintenance, activation reduction and high performances, with a particular emphasis on its application on market. Multiple target stations can be placed around the vacuum chamber. An innovative extraction method (patent applications pending) has been designed which allows to obtain the same extracted beam sizes and properties on the target window independent of the target position. INTRODUCTION This isochronous cyclotron for PET radioisotope production produces fixed energy 18MeV proton beam and is called the Cyclone® KIUBE, Figure 1. Today, three versions are available producing 100μA, 150μA and 180μA on target and the option with selfshielding is also available. Figure 1: CYCLONE® KIUBE.

Development of Cyclotrons for Proton and Particle Therapy

All particle therapy systems are modular systems built with smaller subsystems. The various modules are (1) the beam production system, (2) the beam transport system, and (3) the beam delivery system as shown in Fig. 2.1.

Extracted beams from IBA's C235

IBAs proton therapy cyclotron (C235) has produced extracted 235 MeV proton beams and has fulfilled its factory tests. Model calculations have played an important role all along the course of this project: 2D and 3D magnetic fields, closed orbit analyses, particle trackings, beam transport layouts... . These calculations and the corresponding tools are evaluated by a comparison to experiment.