Sabry Allam

A New Type of Muffler Based on Microperforated Tubes

Microperforated plate (MPP) absorbers are perforated plates with holes typically in the submillimeter range and perforation ratios around 1%. The values are typical for applications in air at stand ...

Modeling perforates in mufflers using two-ports

One of the main sources of noise of a vehicle is the engine where its noise is usually damped by means of acoustic mufflers. A very common problem in the modeling of automotive mufflers is that of ...

Aero-Acoustics of Flow Duct Singularities at Low Mach Numbers

This paper describes the application of an acoustic 2-port model to describe flow generated noise in ducts. An experimental procedure that enables determination of both the passive (the scattering matrix) as well as the active (source) 2-port data is described. The method is applied to investigate the aero-acoustics of an orifice plate in a duct. The passive data is compared with a simple quasi-stationary model and the active part is analyzed using a scaling law procedure, based on the assumption of a compact dipole source.

Modeling and testing of after-treatment devices

Driven by emission regulations in the US and the EU exhaust systems on new diesel engines are equipped with both a catalytic converter (CC) and a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The CC and DPF are ...

Experimental Characterization of Acoustic Liners with Extended Reaction

Suppressing of jet engine noise by inlet and exhaust duct liners and internal combustion engine (ICE) noise by intake and exhaust systems is an important part of developing environmentally acceptable vehicles. The acoustic liner is designed to provide an impedance boundary condition in the engine duct that reduces the propagation of engine noise through the duct. An accurate impedance boundary condition is necessary to optimally suppress the noise at different conditions. The goal of the research presented in this paper is to present a new technique to Educe and characterize the acoustic liner impedance for cases with extended reaction. This technique is depending on comparing both the measured and predicted 2-port transfer matrices. The measurement of the transfer matrix is performed using the two microphone technique, while the prediction of the transfer matrix is obtained assuming plane waves in the inner pipe and outer chamber coupled by a perforated wall impedance. By using a regression process the unknown wall impedance is then educed. The method is applied to investigate the effect of flow on the impedance of so called Micro-perforated panels (MPP). A MPP consists of a panel (here a plate made of Al or steel) with small perforations distributed over its surface. When these perforations are of sub-millimeter size they provide by themselves enough acoustic resistance and low acoustic mass reactance necessary for a wideband absorber.

Dissipative Silencers Based on Micro-Perforated Plates

Micro-perforated plates (MPP:s) can be defined as a perforated plate where the hole impedance is dominated by viscous losses. This will always be true for sufficiently low frequencies or small holes. In addition for a standard MPP the perforation ratio is chosen so that the normalized acoustic resistance is between 1-2, which yields optimum damping for incident plane waves. Historically MPP:s have been used as panel absorbers to reduce reflections in rooms and enclosures. More recently the potential for machinery and vehicle applications has come into focus, e.g., dissipative exhaust silencers. Some advantages offered by a MPP solution, when compared to traditional dissipative silencers, are that it can reduce the weight and the problem with fibre breakout. In this paper the work on cylindrical MPP dissipative silencers at KTH is summarized. One important question being how an optimum damping is achieved, for a certain frequency band and for a given volume (length & area ratio) of the silencer.

Development of Acoustic Models for High Frequency Resonators for Turbocharged IC-Engines

Automotive turbo compressors generate high frequency noise in the air intake system. This sound generation is of importance for the perceived sound quality of luxury cars and may need to be controlled by the use of silencers. The silencers usually contain resonators with slits, perforates and cavities. The purpose of the present work is to develop acoustic models for these resonators where relevant effects such as the effect of a realistic mean flow on losses and 3D effects are considered. An experimental campaign has been performed where the two-port matrices and transmission loss of sample resonators have been measured without flow and for two different mean flow speeds. Models for two resonators have been developed using 1D linear acoustic theory and a FEM code (COMSOL Multi-physics). For some resonators a separate linear 1D Matlab code has also been developed. Different models, from the literature, for including the effect of mean flow on the acoustic losses at slits and perforates have been implemented in the codes and compared to the experimental data. Correct modeling of acoustic losses for resonators with complicated geometry is important for the simulation and development of new and improved silencers, and the present work contributes to this understanding. The developed models give acceptable agreement with the measured results even with flow but can be improved for 3D FEM if correct CAD data is available. The 1D linear theory can be used for simple geometries and to get a general overview related to the resonance frequencies and damping level.

Noise control for cooling fans on heavy vehicles

In this paper two different objects for fan passive noise control have been examined: heat exchangers and inlet/outlet parallel splitter silencers based on micro-perforated panels. The first object is theoretically and experimentally examined while the second is only examined experimentally. Throughout this paper two measurement methods were used. The ISO 15186-1:2000 to test the acoustic transmission for a diffuse field and plane wave testing in a duct of a sample cut from each heat exchanger type. Based on an anisotropic equivalent fluid model a theoretical model for the heat exchanger acoustic transmission is presented. A new type of splitter silencers based on micro-perforated plates, which can add damping up 10-20 dB in the frequency range of interest (<5 kHz), are also presented.

On the use of micro-perforates for machinery and vehicle noise control

A micro-perforated plate (MPP) is a perforated plate with holes typically in the sub-millimeter range and perforation ratio around 1%. The values are typical for applications in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP). The underlying acoustic principle is simple: To create a surface with a built in damping that effectively dissipates sound waves. To achieve this, the specific acoustic impedance of a MPP is normally tuned to be of the order of the characteristic wave impedance in the medium (400 Pa*s/m in air at STP). The traditional application for MPPs has been building acoustics, normally in the form of a so called panel absorber to create an absorption peak at a selected frequency. However, MPPs made of metal are also well suited for machinery and vehicle noise control. For instance MPPs have the potential to be used instead of porous materials in dissipative mufflers, which not only can save weight but also offer a non-fibrous alternative. Furthermore, since MPPs have a large steady flow re...

Whistling Potential for Duct Components

Components in ducts systems that create flow separation can for certain conditions and frequencies amplify incident sound waves. This vortex-sound phenomena is the origin for whistling, i.e., the production of tonal sound at frequencies close to the resonances of a duct system. One way of predicting whistling potential is to compute the acoustic power balance, i.e., the difference between incident and scattered sound power. This can readily be obtained if the scattering matrix is known for the object. For the low frequency plane wave case this implies knowledge of the two-port data, which can be obtained by numerical and experimental methods. In this paper the procedure to experimentally determine whistling potential will be presented and some examples are given to show how this procedure can be used in some applications for automotive intake and exhaust system components.