Sachin L. Badole

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. leaves in experimental colitis in rats.

OBJECTIVE To elucidate the ameliorative effect of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (HRS) in acetic acid induced experimental colitis in male wistar rats. METHODS The animals were administered with 2 mL acetic acid (4%) via intra rectal. The animals were divided into various treatment groups (n=6). Prednisolone was used as standard drug and HRS was administered at a dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. The control group of animals received 1 mL of vehicle (distilled water). Ulcer area, ulcer index, spleen weight, colon weight to length ratio, macroscopic score, haematological parameters, colonic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and histological changes were recorded after the treatment regimen of 11 days. RESULTS Intrarectal instillation of acetic acid caused enhanced ulcer area, ulcer index, spleen weight, colon weight to length ratio, colonic MPO, MDA, NO and TNF-α It caused significant decreased level of SOD and GSH. Pretreatment with HRS for 7 days exhibited significant effect in lowering of oxidative stress, colonic NO, TNF-α and elevation of SOD and GSH at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg in acetic acid induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation demonstrates HRS is of potent therapeutic value in the amelioration of experimental colitis in laboratory animals by inhibiting the proinflammatory mediator like NO and TNF-α.

Antidiabetic activity of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol (B2) isolated from Pongamia pinnata (L. Pierre) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic mice

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of cycloart-23-ene-3beta, 25-diol (called as B2) isolated from stem bark of Pongamia pinnata in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in mice by injecting streptozotocin (200mg/kg, i.p.) after 15 min nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, i.p.). The mice were divided into following groups; I - nondiabeteic, II - diabetic control, III - glybenclamide (10mg/kg, p.o.), IV - B2 (1mg/kg, p.o.) and V - B2 (3mg/kg, p.o., only for acute study). Serum glucose was determined periodically. Body weight, food and water intake were recorded daily. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed on day 28. Biochemical and enzyme antioxidant parameters were determined. Histology of pancreas was performed. B2 and glybenclamide treatment reduced serum glucose in acute study. However in chronic study, increase in body weight and decrease in food and water intake was observed. Increased glucose utilization was observed in oral glucose tolerance test. Both glybenclamide and B2 increased serum and pancreatic insulin. Glycosylated haemoglobin, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, globulin, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, urea and uric acid were decreased significantly after B2 treatment. B2 treatment decreased liver malondialdehyde but increased superoxidase dismutase and reduced glutathione. Histologically, focal necrosis was observed in the diabetic mouse pancreata but was less obvious in treated groups. The mechanism of B2 appears to be due to increased pancreatic insulin secretion and antioxidant activity.

Antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice

Objective: To evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: Alloxan-induced (70 mg/kg, i.v.) diabetic mice were given aqueous leaf extract (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg, p.o., n= 6) of C. hirsutus or vehicle (distilled water, 10 ml/kg, p.o.) or standard drug glyburide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Blood samples were withdrawn by retro-orbital puncture and were analyzed for serum glucose on 0th, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days by glucose oxidase/peroxidase method. In oral glucose tolerance test, glucose (2.5 g/kg, p.o.) was administered to nondiabetic control, glyburide (10 mg/kg, p.o.), and aqueous extract of C. hirsutus (1000 mg/kg, p.o.) treated mice. The serum glucose level was analyzed at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after drug administration. Results: The aqueous leaf extract of C. hirsutus (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant ( P< 0.01) reduction of serum glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic mice at 28th day. In oral glucose tolerance test, aqueous extract of C. hirsutus increased the glucose tolerance. Conclusion: It is concluded that C. hirsutus has significant antihyperglycemic activity as it lowers serum glucose level in diabetic mice and significantly increases glucose tolerance.

Investigation of antihyperglycaemic activity of aqueous and petroleum ether extract of stem bark of Pongamia pinnata on serum glucose level in diabetic mice

AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic activity of aqueous (PPSB-AQE) and petroleum ether (PPSB-PEE) extract of stem bark Pongamia pinnata in alloxan induced diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes was induced in mice by alloxan (80 mg/kg, i.v.). After acute and subacute treatment serum glucose was determined. OGTT was performed in PPSB-PEE pretreated animals. RESULTS PPSB-PEE (25, 50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg) showed significant reduction in serum glucose level in acute and subacute studies. The antihyperglycaemic effects of PPSBPE (100, 200 and 400mg/kg) showed onset at 2h and peak effect at 6h and the effect was sustained until 24 th h with 400mg/kg. In subacute study, antihyperglycaemic effect was observed on 21st day. In PPSBPE treated mice the body weight was not reduced in contrast to that in vehicle group. In OGTT, increased glucose utilization was observed. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that PPSB-PEE but not PPSB-AQE showed antihyperglycaemic activity.

Interaction of Aqueous Extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel-Champ. with Glyburide in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice

Mushrooms are low calorie food with very little fat and are highly suitable for obese persons. With no starch and very low sugars, they are the ‘delight of the diabetics’. Combination of herbal drugs (or isolated phytochemicals) is found to be beneficial in certain diseases when given along with conventional drugs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Lentinaceae) (called as PP-aqu) and its interaction with glyburide in alloxan induced diabetic mice. The diabetic mice treated were with PP-aqu (500 mg/kg, p.o.) alone or combination with glyburide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Blood samples were collected by orbital sinus puncture using heparinized capillary glass tubes and were analyzed for serum glucose on 0, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. Body weights and mortality were noted during the study period. In oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glucose (2.5 g/kg, p.o.) was administered with either vehicle, PP-aqu alone or in combination with glyburide and serum glucose level analyzed at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after drug administration. Administration of PP-aqu (500 mg/kg) and its combination with glyburide (10 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.001) decreased serum glucose level in diabetic mice. In OGTT, glyburide or PP-aqu treatment alone or their combination produced significant (P < 0.001) increase in glucose threshold. Thus we suggest that P. pulmonarius showed potent and synergistic antihyperglycemic effect in combination with glyburide.

Cardioprotective Activity of Pongamia pinnata in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment for diabetes and metabolic disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of petroleum ether extract of the stem bark of P. pinnata (known as PPSB-PEE) on cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in overnight fasted Sprague-Dawley rats by using injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.). Nicotinamide (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 20 min before administration of streptozotocin. Rats were divided into group I: nondiabetic, group II: diabetic control (tween 80, 2%; 10 mL/kg, p.o.) as vehicle, and group III: PPSB-PEE (100 mg/kg, p.o.). The blood glucose level, ECG, hemodynamic parameters, cardiotoxic and antioxidant biomarkers, and histology of heart were carried out after 4 months after STZ with nicotinamide injection. PPSB-PEE treatment improved the electrocardiographic, hemodynamic changes; LV contractile function; biological markers; oxidative stress parameters; and histological changes in STZ induced diabetic rats. PPSB-PEE (100 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased blood glucose level, improved electrocardiographic parameters (QRS, QT, and QTc intervals) and hemodynamic parameters (SBP, DBP, EDP, max dP/dt, contractility index, and heart rate), controlled levels of cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, LDH, and AST), and improved oxidative stress (SOD, MDA, and GSH) in diabetic rats. PPSB-PEE is a promising remedy against cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats.

Hypoglycemic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius. in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Abstract Mushrooms have been valued throughout the world as both food and medicine for thousands of years. In the current study, we report the hypoglycemic effects of aqueous extract of one variety of mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius. (Fr.) Quel.-Champ (Lentinaceae), in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Pleurotus pulmonarius. extract was administrated orally at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg to separate groups of mice (normal and alloxan-treated mice), and serum glucose and body weight were measured. In the separate group of mice, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out. Acute oral toxicity data showed no mortality in the normal mice up to 5000 mg/kg. Oral administration of extracts reduced the serum glucose level in alloxan-treated diabetic mice in all the doses tested after acute and chronic (28 days) administration. The extract also showed increased glucose tolerance in both normal and diabetic mice. These results suggest that the extract possesses hypoglycemic activity.

Oral l-glutamine increases active GLP-1 (7-36) amide secretion and improves glycemic control in stretpozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic rats

L-glutamine is a non-essential amino acid. It decreased blood sugar, stimulated insulin secretion in type 2 diabetic patients. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate L-glutamine increases glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (7-36) amide secretion in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NTM) induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats. Molecular docking study was performed to elucidate the molecular basis for GLP-1 receptor agonistic activity. Type 2 diabetes was induced in overnight fasted Sprague Dawley rats pre-treated with nicotinamide (100 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by 20 min after administration of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.). The rats were divided into; I - nondiabetic, II - diabetic control, III - sitagliptin (5 mg/kg, p.o.), IV - L-glutamine (250 mg/kg, p.o.), V - L-glutamine (500 mg/kg, p.o.) and VI - L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg, p.o.). The L-glutamine and sitagliptin treatment was 8 week. Plasma glucose was estimated every week. Body weight, food and water intake were recorded daily. Glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid profile, plasma and colonic active (GLP-1) (7-36) amide, mRNA expression of proglucagon GLP-1, plasma and pancreatic insulin, histology of pancreata and biomarkers of oxidative stress (superoxidase dismutase, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S transferase) were measured after 8 week. In acute study, the rats were divided into I - glucose (2.5 g/kg, p.o.), II - sitagliptin (5 mg/kg, p.o.), III - L-glutamine (250 mg/kg, p.o.), IV - L-glutamine (500 mg/kg, p.o.) and V - L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg, p.o.). Plasma glucose, active GLP-1 (7-36) amide concentration and insulin levels were measured after glucose loading. The docking data indicated that l-glutamine bind to the GLP-1 receptor. L-glutamine decreased plasma glucose, increased plasma and pancreatic insulin, increased plasma and colonic active GLP-1 (7-36) amide secretion as well as decreased oxidative stress in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats.

In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity cycloart–23–ene–3β,-25–diol (B2) isolated from Pongamia pinnata (L. Pierre)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol (called as B2) isolated from stem bark of Pongamia pinnata. METHODS In vitro antioxidant activity of B2 was determined by methods for determination of DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, metal chelating and nitric oxide radical scavenging at the doses of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. β-tocopherol with same concentration was used as a standard antioxidant. In vitro antimicrobial activity of B2 was determined by cup plate method in different concentration range of 10-100 μg/mL. RESULTS The results indicated that dose dependent % reduction against DPPH radical, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, metal chelating, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and nitric oxide radical scavenging by B2 and β-tocopherol. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that cycloart 23-ene-3β, 25 diol (B2) showed dose dependent antioxidant activity. B2 showed more DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, superoxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, metal chelating scavenging, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity than β-tocopherol and in case of antimicrobial activity B2 exhibited broad-spectrum activity against bacteria and strong activity against yeast type of fungi.

Antihyperglycemic Activity of Pongamia pinnata Stem Bark in Diabetic Mice

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae), popularly known as “Karanj” or “Karanja” in Hindi, and Indian beech in English, is a medium-sized glabrous tree. In the present study we report the antihyperglycemic activity of stem bark of alcohol extract of Pongamia pinnata (PPSBAE). Based on acute oral toxicity data, PPSBAE showed no mortality in normal mice up to 5,000 mg/kg. PPSBAE was administered as three doses (i.e., 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) to diabetic mice, and the serum glucose level and body weight were measured. The onset of serum glucose reduction was observed at 2 h (130.32 mg/dl), peak at 4 h (151.79 mg/dl) and sustained at 6 h, but waned at 24 h. In the subacute study, maximum reduction (305.72 mg/dl) in serum glucose was observed at a dose of 400 mg/kg on day 28. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out after administration PPSBAE (200 mg/kg) in non-diabetic mice previously loaded with 2.5 g/kg, per oral (p.o.) of glucose. The PPSBAE (200 mg/kg) showed increased glucose threshold in non-diabetic mice. These results suggest that the PPSBAE possesses antihyperglycemic activity.