Sadeed Bin Sayed

A Stable Marching On-In-Time Scheme for Solving the Time-Domain Electric Field Volume Integral Equation on High-Contrast Scatterers

A time-domain electric field volume integral equation (TD-EFVIE) solver is proposed for characterizing transient electromagnetic wave interactions on high-contrast dielectric scatterers. The TD-EFVIE is discretized using the Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson (SWG) and approximate prolate spherical wave (APSW) functions in space and time, respectively. The resulting system of equations cannot be solved by a straightforward application of the marching on-in-time (MOT) scheme since the two-sided APSW interpolation functions require the knowledge of unknown “future” field samples during time marching. Causality of the MOT scheme is restored using an extrapolation technique that predicts the future samples from known “past” ones. Unlike the extrapolation techniques developed for MOT schemes that are used in solving time-domain surface integral equations, this scheme trains the extrapolation coefficients using samples of exponentials with exponents on the complex frequency plane. This increases the stability of the MOT-TD-EFVIE solver significantly, since the temporal behavior of decaying and oscillating electromagnetic modes induced inside the scatterers is very accurately taken into account by this new extrapolation scheme. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed MOT solver maintains its stability even when applied to analyzing wave interactions on high-contrast scatterers.

Transient analysis of scattering from ferromagnetic objects using Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert and volume integral equations

An explicit marching on-in-time scheme for analyzing transient electromagnetic wave interactions on ferromagnetic scatterers is described. The proposed method solves a coupled system of time domain magnetic field volume integral and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equations. The unknown fluxes and fields are discretized using full and half Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson functions in space and bandlimited temporal interpolation functions in time. The coupled system is cast in the form of an ordinary differential equation and integrated in time using a PE(CE)m type linear multistep method to obtain the unknown expansion coefficients. Numerical results demonstrating the stability and accuracy of the proposed scheme are presented.

Transient analysis of electromagnetic wave interactions on high-contrast scatterers using volume electric field integral equation

A marching on-in-time (MOT)-based time domain volume electric field integral equation (TD-VEFIE) solver is proposed for accurate and stable analysis of electromagnetic wave interactions on high-contrast scatterers. The stability is achieved using band-limited but two-sided (non-causal) temporal interpolation functions and an extrapolation scheme to cast the time marching into a causal form. The extrapolation scheme is designed to be highly accurate for oscillating and exponentially decaying fields, hence it accurately captures the physical behavior of the resonant modes that are excited inside the dielectric scatterer. Numerical results demonstrate that the resulting MOT scheme maintains its stability as the number of resonant modes increases with the contrast of the scatterer.

An explicit MOT-TD-VIE solver for time varying media

An explicit marching on-in-time (MOT) scheme for solving the time domain electric field integral equation enforced on volumes with time varying dielectric permittivity is proposed. Unknowns of the integral equation and the constitutive relation, i.e., flux density and field intensity, are discretized using full and half Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson functions in space. Temporal interpolation is carried out using band limited approximate prolate spherical wave functions. The discretized coupled system of integral equation and constitutive relation is integrated in time using a PE(CE)m type linear multistep scheme. Unlike the existing MOT methods, the resulting explicit MOT scheme allows for straightforward incorporation of the time variation in the dielectric permittivity.

Transient analysis of electromagnetic wave interactions on ferrite structures using Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert and volume integral equations

Magnetization of a ferrite can be dynamically tuned using a biasing DC magnetic field. This makes ferrites a good choice of substrate for reconfigurable microwave devices and antenna designs. For example, antenna patterns and resonance frequencies can be shifted by adjusting the biasing DC magnetic field during the operation of the antenna or the device (A. Ustinov et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, (031913), 2007).

Recent advances in marching-on-in-time schemes for solving time domain volume integral equations

Transient electromagnetic field interactions on inhomogeneous penetrable scatterers can be analyzed by solving time domain volume integral equations (TDVIEs). TDVIEs are constructed by setting the summation of the incident and scattered field intensities to the total field intensity on the volumetric support of the scatterer. The unknown can be the field intensity or flux/current density. Representing the total field intensity in terms of the unknown using the relevant constitutive relation and the scattered field intensity in terms of the spatiotemporal convolution of the unknown with the Green function yield the final form of the TDVIE. The unknown is expanded in terms of local spatial and temporal basis functions. Inserting this expansion into the TDVIE and testing the resulting equation at discrete times yield a system of equations that is solved by the marching on-in-time (MOT) scheme. At each time step, a smaller system of equations, termed MOT system is solved for the coefficients of the expansion. The right-hand side of this system consists of the tested incident field and discretized spatio-temporal convolution of the unknown samples computed at the previous time steps with the Green function.

An efficient explicit marching on in time solver for magnetic field volume integral equation

An efficient explicit marching on in time (MOT) scheme for solving the magnetic field volume integral equation is proposed. The MOT system is cast in the form of an ordinary differential equation and is integrated in time using a PE(CE)m multistep scheme. At each time step, a system with a Gram matrix is solved for the predicted/corrected field expansion coefficients. Depending on the type of spatial testing scheme Gram matrix is sparse or consists of blocks with only diagonal entries regardless of the time step size. Consequently, the resulting MOT scheme is more efficient than its implicit counterparts, which call for inversion of fuller matrix system at lower frequencies. Numerical results, which demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy, and stability of the proposed MOT scheme, are presented.

An explicit marching on-in-time solver for the time domain volume magnetic field integral equation

Summary form only given. Transient scattering from inhomogeneous dielectric objects can be modeled using time domain volume integral equations (TDVIEs). TDVIEs are oftentimes solved using marching on-in-time (MOT) techniques. Classical MOT-TDVIE solvers expand the field induced on the scatterer using local spatio-temporal basis functions. Inserting this expansion into the TDVIE and testing the resulting equation in space and time yields a system of equations that is solved by time marching. Depending on the type of the basis and testing functions and the time step, the time marching scheme can be implicit (N. T. Gres, et al., Radio Sci., 36(3), 379-386, 2001) or explicit (A. Al-Jarro, et al., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 60(11), 5203-5214, 2012). Implicit MOT schemes are known to be more stable and accurate. However, under low-frequency excitation, i.e., when the time step size is large, they call for inversion of a full matrix system at very time step.One can expect that an explicit scheme would be more efficient at low frequencies if it uses the same time step as its implicit counterpart while maintaining its stability and accuracy. Indeed, recently a novel explicit MOT solver, which satisfies this criterion, has been developed for solving the time domain surface magnetic field integral equation (H. A. Ulku, et al., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 61(8), 4120-4131, 2013). In this work, this explicit MOT scheme is applied in solving the time domain volume magnetic field integral equation (TDVMFIE). The proposed solver expands the unknown fields using curl-conforming basis functions in space. Inserting this expansion into the TDVMFIE and using Galerkin testing yield a semi-discrete system of equations. This system is integrated in time using a predictor-corrector scheme (A. Glaser and V. Rokhlin, J. Sci. Comput., 38(3), 368-399, 2009) to obtain the coefficients of the expansion. The resulting scheme calls for inversion of a matrix system at every time step but this can be carried out very efficiently since the pertinent Gram matrix is well conditioned and sparse regardless of the time step. The stability of the resulting MOT scheme is maintained using successive over relaxation (SOR) applied at the corrector step(S. B. Sayed, et al., Pr. Electromagn. Res. S., 378, Stockholm, 2013). Numerical results, which demonstrate that the proposed MOT-TDMVIE solver (i) uses time step as large as those of its implicit counterparts without sacrificing accuracy or stability, (ii) is faster than the implicit solver for low-frequency excitations, and (iii) maintains its efficiency, accuracy, and stability even when applied on high contrast scatterers, will be presented.

Analysis of electromagnetic wave interactions on nonlinear scatterers using time domain volume integral equations

Effects of material nonlinearities on electromagnetic field interactions become dominant as field amplitudes increase. A typical example is observed in plasmonics, where highly localized fields “activate” Kerr nonlinearities. Naturally, time domain solvers are the method of choice when it comes simulating these nonlinear effects. Oftentimes, finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used for this purpose. This is simply due to the fact that explicitness of the FDTD renders the implementation easier and the material nonlinearity can be easily accounted for using an auxiliary differential equation (J.H. Green and A. Taflove, Opt. Express, 14(18), 8305-8310, 2006). On the other hand, explicit marching on-in-time (MOT)-based time domain integral equation (TDIE) solvers have never been used for the same purpose even though they offer several advantages over FDTD (E. Michielssen, et al., ECCOMAS CFD, The Netherlands, Sep. 5-8, 2006). This is because explicit MOT solvers have never been stabilized until not so long ago. Recently an explicit but stable MOT scheme has been proposed for solving the time domain surface magnetic field integral equation (H.A. Ulku, et al., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 61(8), 4120-4131, 2013) and later it has been extended for the time domain volume electric field integral equation (TDVEFIE) (S. B. Sayed, et al., Pr. Electromagn. Res. S., 378, Stockholm, 2013). This explicit MOT scheme uses predictor-corrector updates together with successive over relaxation during time marching to stabilize the solution even when time step is as large as in the implicit counterpart. In this work, an explicit MOT-TDVEFIE solver is proposed for analyzing electromagnetic wave interactions on scatterers exhibiting Kerr nonlinearity. Nonlinearity is accounted for using the constitutive relation between the electric field intensity and flux density. Then, this relation and the TDVEFIE are discretized together by expanding the intensity and flux using half and full Schubert-Wilton-Glisson (SWG) functions, respectively. Equations are Galerkin tested in space and the resulting semi-discrete system is integrated in time for the unknown expansion coefficients using the aforementioned predictor-corrector scheme. The explicitness of the MOT scheme allows for incorporation of the nonlinearities as simple discretized function evaluations on the right hand side of the system. Numerical results that demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and applicability of the proposed nonlinear MOT-TDVIE solver will be presented.