Sajid Ali

Synthesis, antioxidant activities and urease inhibition of some new 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives

New series of 4,5-disubstituted-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones (8a-j) and 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (9a-h) were synthesized by dehydrative cyclization of hydrazinecarbothioamide derivatives (7a-k) by refluxing in 4N aqueous sodium hydroxide and by overnight stirring with polyphosphoric acid, respectively. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, elemental analysis and mass spectroscopic studies and the synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant and urease inhibition activities. N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (9h) showed excellent antioxidant activity more than the standard drug whereas 4-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (8d) and 4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-5-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (8e) exhibited potent urease inhibitory activities.

Selection of suitable prior for the Bayesian mixture of a class of lifetime distributions under type-I censored datasets

This paper explores the study on mixture of a class of probability density functions under type-I censoring scheme. In this paper, we mold a heterogeneous population by means of a two-component mixture of the class of probability density functions. The parameters of the class of mixture density functions are estimated and compared using the Bayes estimates under the squared-error and precautionary loss functions. A censored mixture dataset is simulated by probabilistic mixing for the computational purpose considering particular case of the Maxwell distribution. Closed-form expressions for the Bayes estimators along with their posterior risks are derived for censored as well as complete samples. Some stimulating comparisons and properties of the estimates are presented here. A factual dataset has also been for illustration.

A Note on the Maximum Likelihood Estimators for the Mixture of Maxwell Distributions Using Type-I Censored Scheme

This article focuses on the study of mixture density under Type I censoring scheme by taking Maxwell distribu- tion as a life time model. In this paper we sculpt a heterogeneous population by means of two components mixture of the Maxwell distribution. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators using type-I censored data and also their variances matrix. The problem with ML estimators is discussed. The Maple 13.0 code is also presented in appendix.

Genetic Susceptibility to Oral Cancer due to Combined Effects of GSTT1, GSTM1 and CYP1A1 Gene Variants in Tobacco Addicted Patients of Pashtun Ethnicity of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan

Associations of GSTT1, GSTM1 and CYP1A1 gene variants with risk of developing oral cancer were evaluated in this study. A case-control study was conducted in Pashtun population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan in which 200 hospital based oral cancer cases and 151 population based healthy controls exposed to similar environmental conditions were included. Sociodemographic data were obtained and blood samples were collected with informed consent for analysis. GSTM1 and GSTT1 were analysed through conventional PCR method while specific RT-PCR method was used to detect CYP1A1 polymorphisms. Results were analyzed for conditional logistic regression model by SPSS version 20. The study shows that patients with either GSTM1 or GSTT1 null genotypes have significantly higher risk of oral cancer (adjusted odds (OR): (3.019 (1.861-4.898) and 3.011(1.865-4.862), respectively), which further increased when either one or both null genes were present in combination (adjusted odds (OR): (3.627 (1.981-6.642 and 9.261 (4.495-19.079), respectively). CYP1A1 rs4646903 gene variants individually showed weak association OR: 1.121 (0.717-1.752); however, in the presence of GSTM1 and/or GSTT1 null genotypes further increasing the association (adjusted odds (ORs): 4.576 (2.038-10.273), 5.593 (2.530-12.362) and 16.10 (3.854-67.260 for GSTM/GSTT null and CYP1A1 wild type, GSTM/GSTT either null and CYP1A1 variant alleles, and all 3 gene polymorphisms combinations, respectively). Our findings suggest that presence of GSTM1 and/or GSTT1 null genotypes along with variant alleles of CYP1A1 may be the risk alleles for oral cancer susceptibility in Pashtun population.

Ethyl 6-(4-ethoxy­phen­yl)-4-(furan-2-yl)-2-oxocyclo­hex-3-ene-1-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C21H22O5, was prepared by NaOH-catalysed cyclocondensation of 3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-(furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one with ethyl acetoacetate. In the crystal, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π interactions link the molecules. In the title molecule, the furan and cyclohexene rings are almost parallel [6.77 (11)°] and the cyclohexene ring is approximately perpendicular to the benzene ring [84.79 (5)°].

Comparative Study of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Tumor Marker in Stomach and Colon Cancer Patients in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

BACKGROUND Due to the increase in morbidity and mortality rate, cancer has become an alarming threat to the human population worldwide. Since cancer is a progressive disorder, timely diagnosis would be helpful to prevent/stop cancer from progressing to severe stage. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, most of the time, tumors are diagnosed with endoscopy and biopsy; therefore rare studies exist regarding the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GIT) carcinomas based on tumor markers, especially CEA. OBJECTIVES This study made a comparative analysis of CEA in admitted hospitalized stomach and colon cancer patients diagnosed as GIT with biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a total of 66 cases were included. The level of CEA was determined in the blood of these patients using ELISA technique. RESULTS Out of 66 patients, the level of CEA was high in 59.1% of the total, 60.7% in colon cancer patients and 57.9 % in stomach cancer patients. Moreover, the incidence of colorectal and stomach cancer was greater in males as compared to females. Patients were more of the age group of 40- 60 and the level of CEA was comparatively higher in patients (51.5%) with histology which was moderately differentiated, than patients with well differentiated and poorly differentiated tumor histology. CONCLUSIONS CEA level was high in more than 50% of the total patients. Moreover, CEA exhibited higher sensitivity for colon than stomach cancer.

Level and Evaluation of Tumor Marker CA-125 in Ovarian Cancer Patients in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

BACKGROUND Due to the increase in morbidity and mortality rate, cancer has become an alarming threat to the human population worldwide. Since cancer is a progressive disorder, timely diagnosis is necessary to prevent/stop cancer from progressing to a severe stage. In Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan, many tumors are diagnosed with endoscopy and biopsy; rare studies exist regarding the diagnosis and evaluation of ovarian cancer, based on tumor markers like CA-125. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate levels of CA-125 in hospitalized ovarian cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a total of 63 admitted patients having ovarian cancer by biopsy were included. The level of CA-125 was determined in the blood of these patients using ELISA technique. RESULTS Out of 63 patients, the level of CA-125 was high in 52% . The affected individuals were more in the group of 40-60 and the level of CA-125 was comparatively higher in patients having moderately differentiated histology than those having well differentiated and poorly differentiated tumor histology. Moreover, the highest level of CA-125 was present among the patients having serous subtype of carcinoma and the common stage of carcinoma was stage II followed by stage III, I and IV. CONCLUSIONS CA-125 level was high in more than 50% of the total patients. Moreover, CA-125 elevation was more common in serous subtype and stage II cancer patients.

On the Bayesian analysis of the mixture of Laplace distribution using the censored data under different loss functions

Constructing a flexible parametric classes of probability distributions appeared as a quite popular approach in Bayesian analysis for the last few decades. This study is planned in the same direction for two component Mixture of Laplace probability distribution considering heterogeneous population. We have considered censored and complete sample environments and derived the closed form expressions for the Bayes estimators and their posterior risks. In addition we have worked out complete sample expressions for the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimates along with their Posterior Risk and constructed components of the information matrix. To examine the performance of these estimators we have evaluated their properties for different sample sizes, censoring rates, proportions of the component of mixture and a variety of loss functions. To highlight the practical significance we have included an illustrative application example based on a real-life mixture data.

3-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid

In the crystal of the title compound, C11H12O4, inversion dimers arise from pairs of intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯O bonds further consolidate the packing. There is also a C—H⋯π contact between the benzene ring and the methylene group.

Shifted Exponential Distribution: Bayesian Estimation, Prediction and Expected Test Time under Progressive Censoring

In this article, we present Bayesian estimation of a shifted exponential distribution assuming progressive type-II censoring with random removals. Bayes estimators and their respective posterior risks are derived under the squared error loss function and the precautionary loss function. Moreover, the credible intervals and expected experiment time along with the Bayesian predictive intervals for one- and two-sample cases are also discussed. A comparison of the expected experiment time under complete and type-II progressive censoring is also a part of this study. Finally, a real-life example is provided to illustrate the proposed methodology.