Sam Nixon

Excavating Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali): new archaeological investigations of early Islamic trans-Saharan trade

This paper reports the first systematic excavations at Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali), one of the major West African trading towns that enabled the unprecedented flourishing of trans-Saharan trade during the early Islamic era (c. AD 650–1500). The 6.5 m excavated sequence (dating from the mid-first millennium AD to c. 1400) significantly improves understanding of Essouk-Tadmakkas ‘prehistoric’ and historic periods and, in doing so, provides a wealth of new evidence to help answer key questions about early Islamic trans-Saharan trade. Firstly, the excavations shed light on the changing scale of trade over time and space, providing unprecedented early (eighth/ninth century AD) evidence for extensive trade and new ideas about the geography of early trade routes. Additionally, new ideas are provided on socio-cultural developments in the trade, including changes that occurred both during the Almoravid expansion and the rule of the Empire of Mali. Lastly, the excavations significantly improve understanding of the movement of trans-Saharan commodities, especially gold.

New light on the early Islamic West African gold trade: Coin moulds from Tadmekka, Mali

Tadmekka, a town at the southern edge of the Sahara desert, has produced good evidence for making gold coins in the ninth–tenth century AD, the first concrete proof of coinage in pre-colonial West Africa. These were produced by melting gold dust or nuggets in ceramic moulds, similar to those used for the first pellet-like coinage of the European Iron Age. The authors suggest these coins were not political statements, but were probably blank and intended to facilitate the busy early Islamic caravan trade to destinations north, south or east. On arrival at the Mediterranean coast, these blank pieces would have been melted down or converted into inscribed coins by the local authorities.

The settlement mound of Birnin Lafiya: New evidence from the eastern arc of the Niger River

Abstract The development of complex social organisation and trade networks during the first and second millennia AD in the Sahel region of West Africa has long been hampered by a paucity of reliable data. Investigations at Birnin Lafiya, a large settlement mound of this period on the eastern arc of the Niger River, help to fill this gap. The site can now be placed within its broader landscape, and discoveries of early mud architecture, circular structures, human burial remains, personal ornamentation and striking potsherd pavements can be contrasted with contemporary sites both within the inland Niger region and at Ife to the south.

Gold Processing Remains

In Essouk-Tadmekka Sam Nixon and a team of scholars present the first archaeological exploration of the southern Saharan town of Essouk-Tadmekka, in early Islamic times an important market centre on the trans-Saharan camel-caravan routes linking the Mediterranean and West Africa.

N Species Counts of Plant Remains

In Essouk-Tadmekka Sam Nixon and a team of scholars present the first archaeological exploration of the southern Saharan town of Essouk-Tadmekka, in early Islamic times an important market centre on the trans-Saharan camel-caravan routes linking the Mediterranean and West Africa.

Crucible-steel Making and Other Metalworking Remains

In Essouk-Tadmekka Sam Nixon and a team of scholars present the first archaeological exploration of the southern Saharan town of Essouk-Tadmekka, in early Islamic times an important market centre on the trans-Saharan camel-caravan routes linking the Mediterranean and West Africa.