Samantha Mattioli

The Interaction of Bacteria with Engineered Nanostructured Polymeric Materials: A Review

Bacterial infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In spite of great advances in biomaterials research and development, a significant proportion of medical devices undergo bacterial colonization and become the target of an implant-related infection. We present a review of the two major classes of antibacterial nanostructured materials: polymeric nanocomposites and surface-engineered materials. The paper describes antibacterial effects due to the induced material properties, along with the principles of bacterial adhesion and the biofilm formation process. Methods for antimicrobial modifications of polymers using a nanocomposite approach as well as surface modification procedures are surveyed and discussed, followed by a concise examination of techniques used in estimating bacteria/material interactions. Finally, we present an outline of future sceneries and perspectives on antibacterial applications of nanostructured materials to resist or counteract implant infections.

Combined effects of Ag nanoparticles and oxygen plasma treatment on PLGA morphological, chemical, and antibacterial properties

The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of oxygen plasma treatments and silver nanoparticles (Ag) on PLGA in order to modulate the surface antimicrobial properties through tunable bacteria adhesion mechanisms. PLGA nanocomposite films, produced by solvent casting with 1 wt % and 7 wt % of Ag nanoparticles were investigated. The PLGA and PLGA/Ag nanocomposite surfaces were treated with oxygen plasma. Surface properties of PLGA were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), static contact angle (CA), and high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Antibacterial tests were performed using an Escherichia coli RB (a Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 (a Gram positive). The PLGA surface becomes hydrophilic after the oxygen treatment and its roughness increases with the treatment time. The surface treatment and the Ag nanoparticle introduction have a dominant influence on the bacteria adhesion and growth. Oxygen-treated PLGA/Ag systems promote higher reduction of the bacteria viability in comparison to the untreated samples and neat PLGA. The combination of Ag nanoparticles with the oxygen plasma treatment opens new perspectives for the studied biodegradable systems in biomedical applications.

Biodegradable Composite Scaffolds: A Strategy to Modulate Stem Cell Behaviour

The application of new biomaterial technologies offers the potential to direct the stem cell fate, targeting the delivery of cells and reducing immune rejection, thereby supporting the development of regenerative medicine. Cells respond to their surrounding structure and with nanostructures exhibit unique proliferative and differentiation properties. This review presents the relevance, the promising perspectives and challenges of current biodegradable composite scaffolds in terms of material properties, processing technology and surface modification, focusing on significant recent patents in these fields. It has been reported how biodegradable porous composite scaffolds can be engineered with initial properties that reproduce the anisotropy, viscoelasticity, tension-compression non-linearity of different tissues by introducing specific nanostructures. Moreover the modulation of electrical, morphological, surface and topographic scaffold properties enables specific stem cell response. Recent advances in nanotechnology have allowed to engineer novel biomaterials with these complexity levels. Understanding the specific biological response triggered by various aspects of the fibrous environment is important in guiding the design and engineering of novel substrates that mimic the native cell matrix interactions in vivo.

Spin coated cellulose nanocrystal/silver nanoparticle films

In this study, thin films of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and silver nanoparticles (Ag) were assembled on different substrates by spin coating. The effect of substrates, deposition parameters, and nanocrystal modification on the topographical and hydrophilic properties of the obtained layers was investigated. Dilute concentrations of pristine cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and surfactant modified crystals (s-CNC) were used in order to evaluate the effect of modification and concentration on the uniformity of the spin coated cellulose/silver layers. Morphological investigations by field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were performed in order to prove the uniformity of the obtained films, while the wettability of different surfaces were studied and correlated to the cellulose modification and content. The ability of s-CNC to form a stable dispersion in chloroform permits the formation of a uniform cellulose film on the substrate surfaces generating regular films during the spin coating process. Topographical investigations show, on the other hand, that the CNC/Ag suspension produces a non-uniform distribution. These effects can be mainly attributed to the surfactant action rather than to the chemical and electrical properties of the substrate surface. Finally, contact angle studies, underline the hydrophilic nature of s-CNC/Ag based films highlighting that the wettability properties are strongly influenced by the cellulose nanocrystal nature.

Antimicrobial Properties and Cytocompatibility of PLGA/Ag Nanocomposites

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of multifunctional nanocomposites based on poly(dl-Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) and increasing concentration of silver (Ag) nanoparticles and their effects on cell viability for biomedical applications. PLGA nanocomposite films, produced by solvent casting with 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 7 wt% of Ag nanoparticles were investigated and surface properties were characterized by atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Antibacterial tests were performed using an Escherichia coli RB and Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 strains. The cell viability and morphology were performed with a murine fibroblast cell line (L929) and a human osteosarcoma cell line (SAOS-2) by cell viability assay and electron microscopy observations. Matrix protein secretion and deposition were also quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results suggest that the PLGA film morphology can be modified introducing a small percentage of silver nanoparticles, which induce the onset of porous round-like microstructures and also affect the wettability. The PLGA/Ag films having silver nanoparticles of more than 3 wt% showed antibacterial effects against E. coli and S. aureus. Furthermore, silver-containing PLGA films displayed also a good cytocompatibility when assayed with L929 and SAOS-2 cells; indicating the PLGA/3Ag nanocomposite film as a promising candidate for tissue engineering applications.

Nanocomposites Based on PLLA and Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Support the Myogenic Differentiation of Murine Myoblast Cell Line

We explored the effect of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) containing various percentages (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 3 wt.%) of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 murine myoblast progenitor cells. We showed that all PLLA/MWCNTs nanocomposite materials support the myotubes formation more efficiently than neat PLLA as indicated by the high expression of the most significant myogenic markers: MyoD, Myosin Heavy Chain, dimension of myofibres, and fusion myogenic index. Interestingly, we note that both MyoD and myogenic fusion index levels were in the order 0.1 MWCNTs = 0.5 MWCNTs > 1 MWCNTs > 3 MWCNTs > neat PLLA, suggesting that the amount of MWCNTs influenced the cell differentiation.

Multifunctional nanostructured biopolymeric materials for therapeutic applications

Abstract This chapter highlights the current state and future prospects of the new generation of multifunctional bionanomaterials, based on different natural or synthetic biopolymers, together with their therapeutic applications. The impact of nanotechnology on biomedical applications has helped to improve the efficacy of available therapeutics, and will likely enable the creation of entirely new therapeutic entities, by the combination of organic and inorganic nanostructures that permit to modulate specific properties. Nanotechnology has also opened the door to new approaches that could stimulate the restoration of function of damaged tissues; in this contest, a crucial point is understanding the cell–material interaction. The chapter starts with an introduction concerning the applicability of biodegradable polymers in nanotechnology, in terms of natural and synthetic biopolymers; the following sections are focused on the development of different multifunctional nanostructured biopolymers, by analyzing shape-controlled nanostructures, polymeric nanocomposites, and surfaces. In the final section, specific therapeutic applications will be investigated: targeted delivery, cancer therapy, and tissue engineering applications. New developments in multifunctional nanomaterials have been highlighted in this chapter, and these results point to an important role in the development of personalized therapies.

CHAPTER 11:Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Based on Nano-structured Poly(Lactic Acid)

The aim of this chapter is to summarize the current state of the art in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanostructured biomaterials in tissue engineering applications. This chapter starts with an introduction to tissue engineering (TE), followed by an outline of the stem cells used in TE and we finally focus on current PLA-based biomaterials, in this respect across various nanostructured PLA including blend, nanoparticles, nanocomposites and surface modifications. Finally, we will consider some proposed mechanisms that underline the interaction between nanomaterials and stem cells, with the aim that such understanding will enable the optimization of these processes in a more efficient way to achieve better clinical outcomes.