Samuel Bauer

Cardiopulmonary Complications of Pre-eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia affects 3 to 8% of all pregnancies. In the USA, pre-eclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, comprising 17% of maternal deaths in advanced gestations in 1999. The pathophysiologic changes associated with pre-eclampsia can have a profound impact on the uteroplacental unit and fetal and neonatal outcome. Equally important are the adverse effects on the maternal hematologic, cardiovascular and pulmonary, neurologic, renal, and gastrointestinal system. This article aims to review complications of pre-eclampsia as they impact on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems.

Early Fetal Echocardiography: Ready for Prime Time?

The objective of this study was to examine the performance of early fetal echocardiography as a screening tool for major cardiac defects in a high-risk population. Fetal echocardiograms performed at 12 to 16 weeks were reviewed. Cases that did not undergo a follow-up echocardiogram at 18 to 22 weeks were excluded. Results of the early and follow-up echocardiograms were compared. Over a 4-year period, 119 early fetal echocardiograms were recorded. Of those, 81 (68%) had follow-up fetal echocardiograms. Results of the early echocardiogram were normal in 77 of 81 (95.1%) cases. Of these, the follow-up was normal in 75 of these 77 cases; in the remaining 2, the follow-up raised suspicion for a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in one and persistent left superior vena cava in the other. On the other hand, the early echocardiogram was abnormal in 4 (4.9%) cases: (1) atrioventricular canal defect, with the follow-up demonstrating a VSD; (2) hypoplastic right ventricle and transposition of the great arteries, confirmed on follow-up; (3) VSD and coarctation of the aorta, confirmed on follow-up. In the fourth case, the early echocardiogram suspected a VSD and right-left disproportion, yet the follow-up was normal. In conclusion, early fetal echocardiography appears to be a reasonable screening tool for major cardiac defects.

Gastroschisis: incidence and prediction of growth restriction

Abstract Aims: Fetuses with gastroschisis are at increased risk of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). However, there is a tendency for underestimation of fetal abdominal circumference and hence fetal weight, leading to overdiagnosis of IUGR. Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound for the prediction of being small for gestational age (SGA) at birth in these cases. Methods: A retrospective study of prenatally diagnosed cases of gastroschisis was conducted at a tertiary center. Fetal weight was estimated using the formula of Hadlock. IUGR was defined as an estimated fetal weight ≤10th percentile for gestational age. SGA at the time of birth was defined as a birth weight ≤10th percentile for gestational age. The incidence of IUGR on last ultrasound and that of SGA at birth were calculated, and the precision of ultrasound in predicting SGA was determined. Results: IUGR was reported on the last ultrasound prior to delivery in 9/25 cases (36%). Postnatally, 13/25 newborns (52%) were SGA. All sonographically suspected cases of IUGR based on the last ultrasound were SGA at birth. The positive predictive value of the last ultrasound in identifying SGA was 100%. Conclusions: At least half of the infants affected by gastroschisis were SGA at birth. Sonographic estimation of fetal weight within 1 month of birth reliably predicted SGA in infants with gastroschisis.

OP22.06: Monochorionic twin pregnancies complicated by an anomalous co‐twin: fetal magnetic resonance imaging after radiofrequency ablation

Results: A total of 13 patients met inclusion criteria and were offered fetal cystoscopy and possible laser fulguration with confirmation of PUV. Seven patients decided to undergo fetal therapy and six elected to continue with expectant observation. There was no difference between both groups in gestation age at diagnosis and referral examinations or fetal urinary analysis. Urethral atresia was diagnosed in three cases (21.3%). At 26 weeks, fetuses that were managed expectantly presented with worse urinary biochemistry results (p < 0.05). Survival rates and percentage of infants with normal renal function were significantly higher in the cystoscopic laser group than in those cases that decided for prenatal expectant management. Conclusions: Percutaneous fetal cystoscopy is feasible using a thinner special cannula for prenatal diagnosis and therapy of LUTO. Prenatal laser ablation of the posterior urethra valves under cystoscopy may prevent renal function deterioration improving postnatal outcomes.