Sandra G. Kirchner

Skeletal changes of copper deficiency in infants receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition

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Pancreatic Pseudocyst of the Mediastinum

The mediassinum is a relatively uncommon site for a pancreatic pseudocyst. Two such cases are presented, along with a review of 14 additional cases from the English literature. In most cases the pseudocyst is located in the posterior mediastinum, with entry to the mediastinum via the aortic or esophageal hiatus. The most common presenting symptoms are chest or abdominal pain and dyspnea. Displacement of the esophagus and stomach anteriorly and to the left on the upper gastrointestinal series and an associated mediastinal mass are the most helpful radiographic manifestations.

Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of childhood discitis.

Diagnosis of disc space infection in childhood is often delayed and is usually made on the basis of multiple roentgenographic, laboratory, and nuclear imaging studies. Four cases of septic discitis in children are described. Special emphasis is placed on the diagnostic findings with magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance sensitivity for this entity and its role in comparison with other imaging modalities are discussed.

Prenatal detection of fetal anomalies with sonography.

This article has presented an overview of the sonographic detection of fetal anomalies. Fortunately, fetal anomalies are relatively rare, but the information that is obtained with sonography can facilitate obstetric management and counseling of the expectant parents.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pediatrics

Magnetic resonance imaging has potentially broad applications in pediatric practice. Although further studies are needed to determine its exact role in comparison with the other imaging modalities, magnetic resonance has shown increased sensitivity in lesion detection in many disease processes. Since MR does not use ionizing radiation and does not require intravenous contrast to identify vascular structures, it becomes an ever more attractive imaging tool for pediatric diagnosis. Thus, the early results of MR imaging have shown promise and the future of MR appears exciting.

Xeroradiographic evaluation of obstructive lesions of the larynx and trachea

Xeroradiography is a useful technique to evaluate the larynx and trachea for masses, granulation tissue, and, in general, to separate normal from abnormal morphology. Because of the edge enhancement effect, there is more information on the xeroradiograph than on the conventional radiograph, but the radiation exposure is 8-10 times greater. Thus, xeroradiography should be reserved for the evaluation of the airway in a child with respiratory difficulty where conventional imaging modalities have been unsuccessful.

Diagnostic imaging in children with acute chest and abdominal disorders.

The authors review the imaging techniques currently used to study some of the more common emergency medical and surgical problems that are encountered in children and that are not covered elsewhere in this volume.

Angiography of the Hemophilic Joint

Angiography in the hemophilic patient is a safe and reliable procedure for recognition of surgically treatable vascular abnormalities. When untreated, these abnormalities can cause repeated bleeding and progressive joint destruction.

Imaging of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

Imaging modalities available for the evaluation of the urinary tract in children have changed dramatically in the past several decades. Although the excretory urogram (EU) and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) are still important diagnostic tools, radionuclide imaging, ultrasonography US) and computed tomography (CT) have come to complement and even replace them in many clinical situations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an even newer technique, is still in the developmental stage but may also prove to be of value in urinary tract imaging.

A review of the unusual appearance or atypical location of osteogenic sarcoma in childhood

The appearance of osteogenic sarcoma, arising in unusual sites such as the ribs, the mandible, the hard palate, the calcaneus, and a vertebral body is illustrated, and the lytic form of osteogenic sarcoma is illustrated as well. This review is intended to acquaint radiologists with the appearance of osteogenic sarcomas arising in unusual locations, as well as with the lytic form of osteogenic sarcoma which is unusual in appearance and may be difficult to identify even when it arises in typical locations.