Sandra Trösterer

Formative User-Centered Evaluation of Security Modeling: Results from a Case Study

Developing a security modeling language is a complex activity. Particularly, it becomes very challenging for Security Requirements Engineering (SRE) languages where social/organizational concepts are used to represent high-level business aspects, while security aspects are typically expressed in a technical jargon at a lower level of abstraction. In order to reduce this socio-technical mismatch and reach a high quality outcome, appropriate evaluation techniques need to be chosen and carried out throughout the development process of the modeling language. In this article, we present and discuss the formative user-centered evaluation approach, namely an evaluation technique that starts since the early design stages and actively involves end-users. We demonstrate the approach in a real case study presenting the results of the evaluation. From the gained empirical evidence, we may conclude that formative user-centered evaluation is highly recommended to investigate any security modeling language.

Light my way: visualizing shared gaze in the car

In demanding driving situations, the front-seat passenger can become a supporter of the driver by, e.g., monitoring the scene or providing hints about upcoming hazards or turning points. A fast and efficient communication of such spatial information can help the driver to react properly, with more foresight. As shown in previous research, this spatial referencing can be facilitated by providing the driver a visualization of the front-seat passengers gaze. In this paper, we focus on the question how the gaze should be visualized for the driver, taking into account the feasibility of implementation in a real car. We present the results from a driving simulator study, where we compared an LED visualization (glowing LEDs on an LED stripe mounted at the bottom of the windshield, indicating the horizontal position of the gaze) with a visualization of the gaze as a dot in the simulated environment. Our results show that LED visualization comes with benefits with regard to driver distraction but also bears disadvantages with regard to accuracy and control for the front-seat passenger.

Four Eyes See More Than Two: Shared Gaze in the Car

Purposeful collaboration of driver and front-seat passenger can help in demanding driving situations and therefore increase safety. The characteristics of the car, as a context, limit the collaboration possibilities of the driver and front-seat passenger, though. In this paper, we present an approach that supports successful collaboration of the driver and front-seat passenger with regard to the contextual specifics. By capturing the front-seat passenger’s gaze and visualizing it for the driver, we create a collaborative space for information sharing in the car. We present the results from a study investigating the potentials of the co-driver’s gaze as means to support the driver during a navigational task. Our results confirm that the co-driver’s gaze can serve as helpful means to support the collaboration of driver and front-seat passenger in terms of perceived distraction and workload of the driver.

Shared Gaze in the Car: Towards a Better Driver-Passenger Collaboration

Many automotive tasks can potentially be seen as a collaborative activity between driver and front seat passenger. Nevertheless, the position of both passengers sitting in the front seat hinders a natural face to face communication. An assisting co-driver can thus lead to more distraction and misunderstanding because pointing out things becomes diffficult. We want to add a natural way of communication and present a prototype that captures the co-drivers gaze and visualizes it for the driver. With this setup we try to create a possibility for passengers to collaborate and share information e.g., during navigational tasks or to provide hints about upcoming hazards. We developed a prototype in a car simulator to explore the concept in a first explorative study setup. In this paper we describe our concept of using shared gaze in the car, the technical setup of the prototype as well as possible application scenarios and future studies.

Eye Tracking in the Car: Challenges in a Dual-Task Scenario on a Test Track

In our research, we aim at developing and enhancing an approach that allows us to capture visual, cognitive, and manual distraction of the driver while operating an In-Vehicle Infotainment System (IVIS) under most preferable real conditions. Based on our experiences in three consecutive studies conducted on a test track, we want to point out and discuss issues and challenges we had to face when applying eye tracking in this context. These challenges include how to choose the right system, integrate it into the vehicle, set it up for each participant, and gather data on in-car tasks with an acceptable workload for the researcher. The contribution of this paper is to raise awareness for eye tracking issues in the automotive UI community and to provide lessons learned for AUI researchers when applying eye tracking methods in comparable setups.

Pokémon WALK: Persuasive Effects of Pokémon GO Game-Design Elements

Pokemon GO is a location-based game that caused hype around the globe in 2016. Its primary objective is to “Catch’em All”, meaning to catch all available Pokemon. These are virtual creatures distributed in the real world and the player has to walk around and catch them. Various game-design elements such as fighting against other Pokemon or hatching eggs by covering a predefined distance promote physical activity. In this paper, we present the results of an online survey (N = 124) that investigated whether Pokemon GO persuaded players to walk more and in particular which game-design elements had the highest influence on walking behavior. Results show that Pokemon GO persuades people to leave the home and increase exercise. Game-design elements such as catching as many different Pokemon and completing the Pokedex are more persuasive than fighting and competition challenges.

Computerized experience sampling in the car: issues and challenges

User Experience (UX) studies in the automotive context are essential for a good interaction design in the car. But there is a lack of appropriate methods to investigate the users experience in-situ in a natural setting. In this paper we introduce computerized experience sampling in the car. We present an ESM tool based on the OBD-II interface of a car in combination with an android smartphone and describe issues and challenges we experienced while applying our tool in an initial UX study.

Trust in Automated Vehicles

Abstract Increasing degrees of automation in on-road vehicles bear great potential for heightened driver safety and traffic efficiency in both the near and far future. The more the driver delegates control to the vehicle, the more salient the issue of trust in automated technology becomes. Misaligned trust can lead to mishandling of automation controls in individual instances and decreases the general acceptance of on-road automation on a broader scale. In this paper, we apply insights from trust research for dynamic web service interaction to the novel automated driving domain, in order to scope the problem space regarding trust in automated vehicles. We conclude that the appropriate communication of trustworthiness, the necessity to calibrate trust, the importance of intervention capabilities by the driver, and the unambiguous transparency of locus of control are all important aspects when in comes to understanding trust in automated vehicles.

Control Transition Interfaces in Semiautonomous Vehicles: A Categorization Framework and Literature Analysis

Designing safe and effective systems for control transitions between human and vehicle is a difficult task, due to increased reaction times and potentially inattentive drivers. In order to respond to these difficulties, this paper presents an overview of interaction solutions for control transitions between manual and autonomous driving modes. The paper examines technology patents, as well as academic publications. The papers first contribution is an examination of the current state of the art of control transition interfaces in automated vehicles. The papers second contribution is the reusable categorization framework developed for this overview. The results are used to identify holes and potentials regarding control transition design, including strong focus on the system over the human, lacking fallback performance, and the potentials of effective driving mode communication. These aspects point the way towards the challenges to be solved -- together with how they might be solved -- for safe and effective control transitions.

You Never Forget How to Drive: Driver Skilling and Deskilling in the Advent of Autonomous Vehicles

In the scope of autonomous driving, the question arises if the increased use of automated systems will have an impact on drivers skills in handling the car in the long term. In order to gain more insights on the issue of driver deskilling and how it relates to driving experience and time intervals of non-driving, we conducted an online survey (n=703) considering three driver groups. We found that initial skilling is more of an issue than deskilling after long periods of driving inactivity, i.e., while once learned driving skills seem to remain stable after longer periods of non-driving, they are much more influenced by driving experience in terms of annual mileage and frequency of use. Applied to the autonomous context, this means that drivers must be trained to a high enough skill level or require sufficient manual driving experience, in order to be able to react properly when driving themselves.