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Featured researches published by Sandy Welsh.


Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency | 2000

Experiencing the Streets: Harassment and Perceptions of Safety among Women:

Ross Macmillan; Annette Nierobisz; Sandy Welsh

Although research consistently shows that women feel unsafe in a variety of situations, the social sources of these perceptions have not been clearly identified. This article examines, theoretically and empirically, the influence of sexual harassment on perceptions of safety among women. Because perceptions of safety among women are largely related to fears of sexual victimization, sexual harassment, particularly when it involves strangers, should indicate sexual vulnerability and typify particular contexts as dangerous and threatening. Using data from a national sample of Canadian women, the authors first examine the prevalence of stranger and nonstranger sexual harassment and then examine their influence on perceptions of safety. The findings indicate that stranger harassment is more prevalent and more extensive than nonstranger harassment and that stranger harassment more strongly influences fear of victimization. The implications of these findings are discussed.


Gender & Society | 2006

“I’m Not Thinking of It as Sexual Harassment” Understanding Harassment across Race and Citizenship

Sandy Welsh; Jacquie Carr; Barbara J. MacQuarrie; Audrey Huntley

How do diverse groups of women in Canada define sexual harassment? To answer this question requires incorporating race and citizenship into the analysis of sexual harassment. The authors use data from seven focus groups of Canadian women. The white women with full citizenship rights most easily identify with existing legal understandings of sexual harassment and believe they have the right to report their harassment. For women of color and women without full citizenship rights, issues of racialized sexual harassment emerge as central factors in their harassment experience. Black women with full citizenship rights call into question whether the term sexual harassment captures their experiences. Filipinas working as live-in caregivers on limited visas demonstrate how racism and lack of citizenship changes definitions of sexual harassment. Their experiences of harassment combine elements of isolation due to their lack of citizenship, racialized sexual harassment, and abuse. The authors argue that intersectional analyses are needed to understand women’s harassment experiences and their ability to complain and seek legal recourse.


Complementary Therapies in Medicine | 2002

Complementary and alternative groups contemplate the need for effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness research.

Merrijoy Kelner; Heather Boon; Beverly Wellman; Sandy Welsh

OBJECTIVE To examine the views of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) groups on the need to demonstrate the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of their therapies and practices. DESIGN Qualitative interviews were conducted with 22 representatives of three CAM groups (chiropractic, homeopathy and Reiki). Qualitative content analysis was used to identify similarities and differences among and across groups. SETTING Ontario, Canada. RESULTS There were striking differences in the views of the three sets of respondents. The chiropractors agreed that it was essential for their group to provide scientific evidence that their interventions work, are safe and cost-effective. The leaders of the homeopathic group were divided on these points and the Reiki respondents showed virtually no interest in undertaking such research. CONCLUSIONS CAM groups that are more formally organized are most likely to recognize the importance of scientific research on their practices and therapies.


BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 2010

Consumers of natural health products: natural-born pharmacovigilantes?

Rishma Walji; Heather Boon; Joanne Barnes; Zubin Austin; Sandy Welsh; G. Ross Baker

BackgroundNatural health products (NHPs), such as herbal medicines and vitamins, are widely available over-the-counter and are often purchased by consumers without advice from a healthcare provider. This study examined how consumers respond when they believe they have experienced NHP-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in order to determine how to improve current safety monitoring strategies.MethodsQualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve consumers who had experienced a self-identified NHP-related ADR. Key emergent themes were identified and coded using content analysis techniques.ResultsConsumers were generally not comfortable enough with their conventional health care providers to discuss their NHP-related ADRs. Consumers reported being more comfortable discussing NHP-related ADRs with personnel from health food stores, friends or family with whom they had developed trusted relationships. No one reported their suspected ADR to Health Canada and most did not know this was possible.ConclusionConsumers generally did not report their suspected NHP-related ADRs to healthcare providers or to Health Canada. Passive reporting systems for collecting information on NHP-related ADRs cannot be effective if consumers who experience NHP-related ADRs do not report their experiences. Healthcare providers, health food store personnel, manufacturers and other stakeholders also need to take responsibility for reporting ADRs in order to improve current pharmacovigilance of NHPs.


BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 2015

Supportive but "worried": perceptions of naturopaths, homeopaths and Chinese medicine practitioners through a regulatory transition in Ontario, Canada

Nadine Ijaz; Heather Boon; Sandy Welsh; Allison Meads

BackgroundIn line with recent World Health Organization recommendations, many jurisdictions are taking steps to regulate practitioners of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM). Previous studies have examined TCAM practitioners’ generally-supportive views about professional regulation; however, little research has been conducted on TCAM practitioners’ experiences and perspectives amidst an active regulatory process. In 2006 and 2007, the province of Ontario, Canada announced it would grant self-regulatory status to three TCAM practitioner groups - homeopaths, naturopaths and Chinese medicine practitioners/acupuncturists.MethodsIn 2011 and 2012, part-way through each group’s regulatory process, we surveyed all practitioners from these three groups (n = 1047) that could be identified from public registries and professional associations. The data presented here are derived from the sub-sample of homeopaths (n = 234), naturopaths (n = 273) and Chinese medicine practitioners/acupuncturists (n = 181) who provided answers to an open-ended question about their opinions of the regulatory process at the end of the survey. An inductive, thematic analysis of qualitative survey responses was conducted.ResultsSurvey responses affirmed a pro-regulatory stance across all groups, but revealed considerable ‘worry’ amongst practitioners as to how the regulations might be implemented. Four primary ‘worry-related’ themes emerged: a) regulation’s potential administrative and financial burden on practitioners; b) scope-related concerns; c) implementation of fair registration standards; and d) whether regulation might erode the groups’ distinctive worldviews. Some occupationally-specific concerns appeared related to each group’s particular stage of professionalization. Other ‘worries’ may be related to the relative marginality of TCAM practitioner groups within biomedically-dominant national health care systems, and the possibility that inter-professional hierarchies may be emerging between particular TCAM groups. Specific concerns around overlapping practice scopes between TCAM and other professions raised questions about the implementation of non-monopolistic regulatory models such as Ontario’s.ConclusionsOverall, this study will help inform regulators and TCAM practitioner groups to navigate the unique challenge of regulating health care providers long excluded from national health care systems, who frequently work from within paradigms distinct from mainstream biomedicine.


Sociological Quarterly | 2005

PREDICTING THE QUANTITY OF LAW: Single versus Multiple Remedies in Sexual Harassment Cases

Myrna Dawson; Sandy Welsh

Recently, Blacks theory of law has been criticized for failing to capture quasi and de facto governmental social control institutions. A restatement of this theory introduces the idea of “more or less governmental social control” that encompasses government endorsement of private forms of social control or government delegation of social control powers to private parties. Drawing from this, we assess the utility of Blacks theory by examining sexual harassment cases handled by the Canadian Human Rights Commission, a quasi-governmental body that has been delegated social control powers. Previous tests of Blacks theory have relied primarily on criminal processes that often involve identifiable increments in law. While a sexual harassment case may be settled or dismissed, paralleling the criminal justice process of conviction or acquittal, further increments in law are less identifiable within this quasi-governmental institution. Using over 200 sexual harassment cases in Canada, we test several concepts from Blacks theory for explaining decision making within a quasi-governmental social control institution and, specifically, for predicting whether single or multiple remedies are used to resolve these types of cases. Our results show some support for Blacks theory, but demonstrate that whether a case was sent to conciliation played a greater role in predicting the quantity of law than the social structural dimensions emphasized by Black or the offense seriousness variables highlighted by more traditional criminal justice research.


Canadian Pharmacists Journal | 2007

The professional responsibilities of pharmacists with respect to natural health products: Focus group discussions with pharmacists and consumers

Della Kwan; Heather Boon; Kristine Hirschkorn; Tannis Jurgens; Sandy Welsh; Jillian Clare Cohen; Shirley Heschuk; Lynda Eccott

Objective: Although natural health products (NHPs) are widely sold in pharmacies, the professional responsibilities of pharmacists with respect to these products have not been well defined. This study addressed the question: what are the pharmacist and consumer perspectives on the professional responsibilities of pharmacists with respect to NHPs? Method: Focus groups with practicing pharmacists and consumers were held in 4 different cities across Canada (Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, and Halifax) for a total of 16 focus groups. Current and potential professional responsibilities of pharmacists with respect to NHPs were discussed in each group. Verbatim transcripts of each group were assessed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Both pharmacists and consumers were supportive of pharmacists’ involvement with natural health products and the need for pharmacists to have more education on them. The management of interactions between pharmaceuticals and NHPs and the provision of counselling on NHPs were identified as the primary responsibilities for pharmacists. Participants perceived NHPs as being distinct from other over-the-counter products and voiced concerns about the safety, efficacy, and product quality of NHPs, which may pose a barrier for pharmacists in performing these roles. Conclusion: Pharmacists and consumers agree that pharmacists have a significant role to play in counselling patients about natural health products, especially about the potential for drugNHP interactions. However, in order for pharmacists to fulfill this role, additional education about NHPs is needed both in undergraduate and continuing education programs. Standards of practice for this role would also help pharmacists understand their professional responsibilities. I was inspired to undertake this study because I believe pharmacists have an opportunity to develop a unique and credible professional role for themselves as expert advisers on natural health products in order to reduce the risks associated with the use of these products. D. Kwan


Review of Sociology | 1999

GENDER AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT

Sandy Welsh


Sociology of Health and Illness | 2004

Moving forward? Complementary and alternative practitioners seeking self‐regulation

Sandy Welsh; Merrijoy Kelner; Beverly Wellman; Heather Boon


Social Science & Medicine | 2004

Responses of established healthcare to the professionalization of complementary and alternative medicine in Ontario

Merrijoy Kelner; Beverly Wellman; Heather Boon; Sandy Welsh

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