Sanela Kurtovic

Identification of Emerging Quasi-Species in Directed Enzyme Evolution

The bases of enzyme evolution are structural changes in protein scaffolds combined with recognition and propagation of novel variants with valuable functional properties. Structural diversification may be accomplished by a variety of methods, including random mutations, homologous recombinations, and insertions and deletions of coding DNA sequences. The functional consequences of mutations are manifested at the protein level and are dependent on a substrate matrix, when catalytic properties are requested. Libraries of variant enzymes showing promiscuous activities can be interrogated with a set of alternative substrates. We demonstrate using a library of glutathione transferases (GSTs) that the functional properties are not uniformly distributed in substrate-activity space but form clusters, or quasi-species. Multivariate analysis facilitates the identification of such quasi-species, which can be regarded as the proper developing units in molecular evolution.

Glutathione transferase activity with a novel substrate mimics the activation of the prodrug azathioprine.

Azathioprine is a prodrug that is widely used clinically as an immunosuppressive agent. The pharmacological action of azathioprine is associated with the release of 6-mercaptopurine by a reaction involving glutathione. This biotransformation of azathioprine is catalyzed by glutathione transferases (GSTs). The nonenzymatic reaction with glutathione is minimal in comparison with the GST-catalyzed process, but azathioprine is still a slow substrate in comparison with the most effective GST substrates. Novel GSTs with higher catalytic efficiency toward azathioprine could be useful in novel therapeutic applications; therefore, directed evolution of GSTs for enhanced activities is desirable. However, screening for variants having higher catalytic activity with azathioprine is a time-consuming process due to the low activity with this substrate. A new chromogenic and faster substrate, 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-(4-nitrophenylthio)-1H-imidazole (NPTI), has been synthesized and characterized by assays with several GSTs. The novel substrate mimicked azathioprine in the reaction with glutathione catalyzed by alpha class GSTs and, therefore, is a valuable surrogate in the screening of large mutant libraries. NPTI may also find use in the elucidation of the exact mechanism of immunosuppression effected by azathioprine where there is evidence that the imidazole moiety of azathioprine, rather than 6-mercaptopurine, is involved.