Sangun Lee

A change of osteocalcin (OC) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) with the menstrual cycle.

Bone metabolism markers associated with 4 menstrual cycle phases were evaluated in 14 healthy young females without menstrual disorder. Menstrual cycle phases were confirmed with basal body temperature for 3 months, luteinizing hormone kits, and sexual hormone concentrations of serum. The bone metabolism markers used were osteocalcin (OC), which was measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b), which was measured by enzyme immunometric assay (EIA). The highest values of OC and TRACP-5b were observed in the ovulation phase, and TRACP-5b increased significantly when compared with levels in the menstrual phase (p<0.05). Furthermore, the changes in sex-hormone secretion involved in OC and TRACP-5b showed specific patterns during the menstrual cycle. In other words, TRACP-5b levels are influenced by sex hormones produced during the menstrual period and are based on the bone-formation status. Therefore, it is presumed that the TRACP-5b levels during ovulation play a central role in bone formation and bone metabolism.

The effects of exercise load during development on oxidative stress levels and antioxidant potential in adulthood

Abstract The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of physical activity during the growth period as well as on oxidative stress and antioxidative potential in adulthood. The experimental animals used were four-week old male Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into three groups. The exercise loads were as follows: control (CON), treadmill exercise (TE), and jumping exercise (JE). The exercise was performed at the same time of day, at a frequency of five days per week, for eight weeks. Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROSs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were measured during periods of rest prior to commencement of the experiment and after the experiment. Analysis was conducted using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Schaffer’s multiple comparison procedure and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. The percent increase in d-ROM levels in the JE group, which experienced short-duration intense exercise loads, was higher than that in the TE group, which experienced moderately intense exercise loads. However, BAP, which is an index of antioxidant potential, markedly decreased in adulthood in the CON group, as compared to that in the developmental period, whereas the exercise groups showed no notable changes in BAP levels. Oxidative stress levels and antioxidant potential are affected differently in adulthood, depending on the intensity of sustained exercise loads experienced during development. Results suggested that in order to increase antioxidant potential, while taking oxidative stress production into account, moderately intense exercise loads are more desirable than highly intense exercise loads.

Toe clearance rehabilitative slipper for fall risk in institutionalized older people

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The Influence of the Type of Continuous Exercise Stress Applied during Growth Periods on Bone Metabolism and Osteogenesis.

Background In this study, we examined the influence of exercise loading characteristics on bone metabolic responses and bone morphology in the growth phase and adulthood. Methods Running exercise (RUN) and jumping exercise (JUM) were used for the exercise loading in 28-day-old male Wistar rats. Bone metabolism was measured by blood osteocalcin (OC) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) levels. For bone morphology, the maximum bone length, bone weight, and bone strength of the femur and tibia were measured. Results A pre- and post-exercise loading comparison in the growth phase showed significantly increased OC levels in the RUN and JUM groups and significantly decreased TRACP levels in the JUM group. On the other hand, a pre- and post-exercise loading comparison in adulthood showed significantly decreased TRACP levels in the RUN and JUM groups. Femur lengths were significantly shorter in the RUN and JUM groups than in the control (CON) group, while bone weight was significantly greater in the JUM group than in the CON group. Conclusions Exercise loading activates OC levels in the growth phase and suppresses TRACP levels in adulthood. On the other hand, these results suggest that excessive exercise loading may suppress bone length.

P-1 Effect of warm-up by running on successive changes in motor nerve conduction velocity

Background In sports, warm-up is used for injury prevention and performance improvement. However, many questions remain about the effect of warm-up on performance, and the motor nerves associated with performance have not been clarified. Objective This study aims to understand the effect of warm-up on the motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) of the lower limbs, and obtain further information on evidence-based warm-up. Method This study had the approval of the Ethical Committee Aomori University of Health and Welfare. The subjects were healthy male college students free from any neurological injury or major disease. The MCV and latencies were measured with an electromyogram and evoked potential testing device (Neuropack X1). The right tibial nerve was measured at rest just before starting the warm-up and at intervals of 10 minutes after starting the warm-up. The reference electrode was placed on the distal lateral first metatarsal bone at the hallux fundus, and the leading electrode was placed on the abductor hallucis muscle belly. The distal stimulation site was directly above the tibial nerve at the bottom of the medial malleolus, and the proximal stimulation site was the popliteal centre. For stimulation intensity, a maximum upper intensity that was 15–20% more than required for causing maximum reaction was used. The room temperature of the warm-up environment was set at 26ºC, and using a treadmill and a heart rate monitor, 30 minutes of running at an aerobic level was performed. For analysis, Tukey’s test was used for multiple comparisons, and significance level was set at less than 5%. Result The MCV before starting the warm-up was 49.1 ± 6.0 m/sec, distal latency was 4.6 ± 0.93 m/sec, and proximal latency was 12.9 ± 1.41 m/sec. The MCV showed a value significantly higher by 9.1% after 30 minutes of warm-up than before warm-up (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the distal latency showed values significantly lower by 16.9% and 19.1% after 20 minutes and 30 minutes of warm-up, respectively, than before warm-up (p < 0.001, in each). Further, the proximal latency showed significantly lower values of 10.4% and 12.4% after 20 minutes and 30 minutes of warm-up, respectively, than before warm-up (p < 0.001, in each). Discussion The MCV increased and the latency decreased over time with warm-up. In particular, the reaction time of the lower limbs of the motor nerves showed a significant change 20 minutes after starting the warm-up. Moreover, the change in the proximal latency was larger than that in the distal latency, which is believed to be due to the usage of the muscles in the foot and knee when running. From these observations, we conclude that a warm-up by running needs to be performed for at least 20 minutes, and a warm-up that considers muscle usage could lead to greater performance improvements. Abstract P-1 Figure 1 Motor nerve conduction velocity (m/sec) Acknowledgment This study was performed with the support of a 2015 research grant from Aomori University of Health and Welfare. References Neiva HP, Marques MC, Barbosa TM, Izquierdo M, Marinho DA. Warm-up and performance in competitive swimming. Sports Med 2014 Mar;44(3):319–30 Kallerud H, Gleeson N. Effects of stretching on performances involving stretch-shortening cycles. Sports Med 2013 Aug;43(8):733–50 Simic L, Sarabon N, Markovic G. Does pre-exercise static stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta-analytical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013 Mar;23(2):131–48

P-2 Effects of warm-up on muscle activity and deep muscle temperature in different sites

Background Changes in muscle temperature by warm-up (W-up) depend on the characteristics of the body composition such as fats and muscle activity, and the changes may vary between sites of the body. However, the activity and temperature in specific muscles are not understood, and the scientific evidence of the effectiveness of W-up is necessary. Objective This study aimed to obtain findings of effective W-up techniques by analysing the activity and changes in the temperature of specified muscles by W-up over time. Method The subject was a healthy man. We measured the deep muscle temperatures of the vastus medialis muscle (VM), tibialis anterior muscle (TA), biceps femoris muscle (BF), semitendinosus muscle (SM), soleus muscle (SOL), and gastrocnemius muscle (GAS) by using a thermometer (Coretemp CTM-205) and equipped probes. W-up was performed by aerobic exercise for 30 min by using a treadmill and heart rate metre. The deep muscle temperature was measured at 1-minute intervals over time. Muscle activity was measured by using a wireless surface electromyography (EMG) system (WEB-1000) to obtain the mean percent maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) values and areas at 1-minute intervals. Statistical analyses were performed by using the Tukey’s test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. This study had the approval of the Ethical Committee Aomori University of Health and Welfare. Result The deep muscle temperature increased from the start to the end of the W-up over time in each muscle. The TA muscle showed the highest temperature (38.14 ± 0.45°C). The significant increases in temperature occurred at 2 min (TA), 3 min (SOL), 4 min (GAS, BF, and SM), and 6 min (VM) after the start of the W-up (p < 0.05, in each). The temperature reached levels that were not significantly different from the highest temperatures of the muscles at 7 min (GAS), 9 min (SOL), 10 min (BF), 11 min (TA), 12 min (SM), and 13 min (VM) after the start of W-up. The%MVC value was significantly higher in the SOL (52.8 ± 5.68%), while it was significantly lower in the TA (25.0 ± 2.17%) than the other muscles (p < 0.01, in each). The mean area on the EMG was significantly larger in the TA (1.786 ± 0.177 mV) but significantly smaller in the SM (1.080 ± 0.149 mV) than in the other muscles (p < 0.01, in each). Discussion This study demonstrated that changes in the muscle temperature by W-up vary between muscles. The TA muscle showed a significant increase in temperature and highest temperature. In addition, it exhibited the lowest%MVC value and largest area, which is presumably because of the characteristic of the muscle tissue, the high composition of type I myofibers, and the high frequency of use. Furthermore, this study suggests that the increasing pattern in temperature and muscle activity also depended on the difference in muscle activity according to position and muscle mass. Taken together, in order to obtain the effective increase in muscle temperature, individualised W-up techniques should be applied, taking the position and mass of muscles, characteristics of muscle tissues, and frequency of muscle use into account. Abstract P-2 Figure 1 Deep muscle temperature (°C).vastus medialis muscle(VM), tibialis anterior muscle(TA), biceps femoris muscle(BF), semitendinosus muscle(SM), soleus muscle(SOL), and gastrocnemius muscle(GAS) Acknowledgment This study was performed with the support of a 2015 research grant from Aomori University of Health and Welfare. References Lee S, Kanazawa Y, Fukuda M. Comparison between age of the body composition in the limbs as a related factor of conduction heat. J Jpn Soc Balneol Climatol Phys Med 2004 May;65:165–72. Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, Rasbach KA, Boström EA, Choi JH, Long JZ, Kajimura S, Zingaretti MC, Vind BF, Tu H, Cinti S, Højlund K, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012 Jan;481(7382):463–8