Sanjay S. Patel

Current status and future prospects of drug eluting stents for restenosis

Drug-eluting stents (DESs) prevail in the treatment of carotid artery diseases in the interventional cardiology world owing to their efficacy for significant reduction of restenosis. A current successful DES requires a polymer coating for drug delivery. Clinical trials examining several pharmaceutical agents have demonstrated marked reduction in restenosis following stenting. The development of DES is one of the major revolutions in the field of interventional cardiology. The ideal drug to prevent restenosis must have an anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effect on smooth muscle cells but, on the other hand, it must also enhance re-endothelialization in order to prevent late thrombosis. Additionally, it should effectively inhibit the anti-inflammatory response after balloon induced arterial injury. Although DES have significantly reduced the angiographic restenosis rate and have improved clinical outcomes, late thrombosis and restenosis remain an important subject of ongoing research. Stentovi koji otpuštaju lijekove (DESs) koriste se u kardiologiji za terapiju bolesti karotidnih arterija jer značajno smanjuju restenozu. Dobar DES ima polimerni sloj za isporuku lijekova. Klinički pokusi u kojima je ispitivano nekoliko agenasa pokazali su značajno smanjenje restenoze nakon ugradnje stenta. Razvoj DES-a jedno je od revolucionarnih otkrića u području interventne kardiologije. Idealni lijek za prevenciju restenoze mora imati antiproliferativni i antimigracijski učinak na stanice glatkih mišića, a s druge strane mora povećavati endotelizaciju kako bi se spriječila tromboza. Osim toga, treba učinkovito inhibirati protuupalni odgovor nakon ozljede arterije. Iako DES značajno smanjuje restenozu krvnih žila, kasna tromboza i restenoza ostaju i dalje problem i predmet brojnih istraživanja.

Current status and future prospects of drug eluting stents for restenosis / Sadašnjost i budućnost stentova za restenozu koji otpuštaju lijekove

Drug-eluting stents (DESs) prevail in the treatment of carotid artery diseases in the interventional cardiology world owing to their efficacy for significant reduction of restenosis. A current successful DES requires a polymer coating for drug delivery. Clinical trials examining several pharmaceutical agents have demonstrated marked reduction in restenosis following stenting. The development of DES is one of the major revolutions in the field of interventional cardiology. The ideal drug to prevent restenosis must have an anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effect on smooth muscle cells but, on the other hand, it must also enhance re-endothelialization in order to prevent late thrombosis. Additionally, it should effectively inhibit the anti-inflammatory response after balloon induced arterial injury. Although DES have significantly reduced the angiographic restenosis rate and have improved clinical outcomes, late thrombosis and restenosis remain an important subject of ongoing research. Stentovi koji otpuštaju lijekove (DESs) koriste se u kardiologiji za terapiju bolesti karotidnih arterija jer značajno smanjuju restenozu. Dobar DES ima polimerni sloj za isporuku lijekova. Klinički pokusi u kojima je ispitivano nekoliko agenasa pokazali su značajno smanjenje restenoze nakon ugradnje stenta. Razvoj DES-a jedno je od revolucionarnih otkrića u području interventne kardiologije. Idealni lijek za prevenciju restenoze mora imati antiproliferativni i antimigracijski učinak na stanice glatkih mišića, a s druge strane mora povećavati endotelizaciju kako bi se spriječila tromboza. Osim toga, treba učinkovito inhibirati protuupalni odgovor nakon ozljede arterije. Iako DES značajno smanjuje restenozu krvnih žila, kasna tromboza i restenoza ostaju i dalje problem i predmet brojnih istraživanja.

Sero-Epidemiology of Camel (Camelus dromedarius) brucellosis

Brucellosis is an emerging zoonotic bacterial disease of ruminants and also reported in camels. Camels are one of the most important sources of livelihood for the poor nomadic population in Gujarat. The present study was aimed to determine the brucella specific antibodies in camel using RBPT and i-ELISA. On screening of 658 serum samples, 131(19.90%) and 78 (11.85%) samples found to be positive by RBPT and i-ELISA, respectively. Prevalence rate of brucellosis in different categories viz. herd size, physiological status, sex, district, region and breed were calculated. Susceptibility of brucellosis in different categories was also compared by using chi-square test.

Detection of Bluetongue Virus Antigen from Livestock of Gujarat State

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes severe disease in sheep, which is transmitted by insect vector belonging to Culicoides spp. It is particularly a viral disease of sheep, occasionally affecting cattle, buffaloes, goats, camels and other wild ruminants. Out of 377 (364-blood, 5-spleen and 8-pooled Culicoides) samples 110 (29.18%) and 28 (7.42%) were found positive for BTV antigen by s-ELISA and BT-AGID respectively. Specieswise incidence by s-ELISA recorded was 48.20 per cent in sheep, 57.14 per cent in goats and 2.60 per cent in cattle however, none of the blood sample found positive from buffalo and camel. Specieswise incidence by BT-AGID recorded was 12.23 per cent in sheep and 15.71 per cent in goats however, none of the blood sample found positive for BTV antigen from cattle, buffalo and camel. Higher incidence seen in goats by both the test. s-ELISA proved to be the most sensitive in detecting BTV antigen than BT-AGID. Considering s-ELISA as the reference test, the relative sensitivity, specificity and overall agreement between both the tests were 25.45 per cent, 100 per cent and 78.24 per cent respectively.

Seroprevalence of bluetongue in dromedaries

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease, mainly of sheep but many domestic and wild animals are also affected by this disease. A serological study was aimed at the detection of BTV antibodies by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion test (BT-AGID) and competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA) in dromedaries of North Gujarat and Kachchh regions. Out of 533 serum samples, the BT-AGID test detected antibodies against BTV in 83 cases (15.57%) while c-ELISA test was positive in 136 cases (25.51%).

Complete Genome Sequence of Brucella abortus SKN 13 Isolated from Placenta of Aborted Cattle in Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT Brucella abortus is generally known to cause brucellosis in cattle and buffalo. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Brucella abortus SKN 13, isolated from aborted cattle placenta in the area of Gujarat, India, providing precious resources for comparative genomic analyses of Brucella field strains.

Drug eluting stent for restenosis diseases

Drug-eluting stents (DESs) have been prevailing for the treatment of CAD in the interventional cardiology world owing to their efficacy in significantly reducing restenosis. Current successful DES requires a polymer coating for drug delivery. Clinical trials examining several pharmaceutical agents, particularly sirolimus and paclitaxel have demonstrated marked reduction in restenosis following stenting. The development of DES is one of the major revolutions in the field of ‘interventional cardiology’. Restenosis rate has been significantly reduced in comparison to bare metal stents. The ideal drug to prevent restenosis must have an anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effect on smooth muscle cells but on the other hand must also enhance re-endothelialization in order to prevent late thrombosis. Additionally, it should effectively inhibit the anti-inflammatory response after balloon induced arterial injury. Currently, sirolimus, paclitaxel and more recently ABT-578-eluting stents are commercially available, but ongoing research and clinical trials will result in new stents coming to market with novel designs loaded with a variety of compounds. Future research is mandatory to further clarify, whether these patients should be treated with the same DES with a different DES or with increased doses. Although, DES have significantly reduced angiographic restenosis rate and have improved the clinical outcome, late thrombosis and restenosis remain an important subject of ongoing research. Synthetic or biological polymers can be used as matrixes for drug incorporation, but concerns have been raised regarding biocompatibility, sterility or potential induction of inflammation. Currently, alterations on stent-backbone design (biodegradable, bioabsorbable, nanoporous etc.) are being explored.

Sadašnjost i budućnost stentova za restenozu koji otpuštaju lijekove

Drug-eluting stents (DESs) prevail in the treatment of carotid artery diseases in the interventional cardiology world owing to their efficacy for significant reduction of restenosis. A current successful DES requires a polymer coating for drug delivery. Clinical trials examining several pharmaceutical agents have demonstrated marked reduction in restenosis following stenting. The development of DES is one of the major revolutions in the field of interventional cardiology. The ideal drug to prevent restenosis must have an anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effect on smooth muscle cells but, on the other hand, it must also enhance re-endothelialization in order to prevent late thrombosis. Additionally, it should effectively inhibit the anti-inflammatory response after balloon induced arterial injury. Although DES have significantly reduced the angiographic restenosis rate and have improved clinical outcomes, late thrombosis and restenosis remain an important subject of ongoing research. Stentovi koji otpuštaju lijekove (DESs) koriste se u kardiologiji za terapiju bolesti karotidnih arterija jer značajno smanjuju restenozu. Dobar DES ima polimerni sloj za isporuku lijekova. Klinički pokusi u kojima je ispitivano nekoliko agenasa pokazali su značajno smanjenje restenoze nakon ugradnje stenta. Razvoj DES-a jedno je od revolucionarnih otkrića u području interventne kardiologije. Idealni lijek za prevenciju restenoze mora imati antiproliferativni i antimigracijski učinak na stanice glatkih mišića, a s druge strane mora povećavati endotelizaciju kako bi se spriječila tromboza. Osim toga, treba učinkovito inhibirati protuupalni odgovor nakon ozljede arterije. Iako DES značajno smanjuje restenozu krvnih žila, kasna tromboza i restenoza ostaju i dalje problem i predmet brojnih istraživanja.