Sankar Karan

Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles: a fuzzy mathematical approach

This article presents the development of nanoparticles (NPs) with potentially useful size and shape dependent properties that have the advantage of ultra-fine size, high surface area and useful interfacial imperfections. When developing NPs as catalysts, their shape is very important. For a certain volume of material, nanoparticles make the best catalysts when they have a large surface area. It is a challenge to find the shape that has the largest surface area for its volume. The particle shape contours were measured by transmission electron microscope with high resolution. These TEM images are analyzed with image clustering techniques and generalized shape theory that results the computational indicators for shape, degree of atomic compactness and charge arrangement of NPs.

Characterization of gold and silver nanoparticles using it's color image segmentation and feature extraction using fuzzy C-means clustering and generalized shape theory

We present a systematic study of the effect of size and shape on the spectral response of individual silver and gold nanoparticles. When developing nanoparticles as catalysts, their shape is very important. For a certain volume of material, nanoparticles make the best catalysts when they have a large surface area. It is a challenge to find the shape that has the largest surface area for its volume. The main focus of this paper is the interesting change in properties of the materials due to increase surface area to volume ratio. This type of characterization helps the researchers in size-based spectral tuning, biological labeling, and toxicity studies and suggest general protocols to address these problems.

Molecular machinery-a nanorobotics control system design for cancer drug delivery

We present a new approach within mathematical formalisms for the problem of self assembly in molecular systems automation and its application in targeted drug delivery for cancer treatment. The problem under study concentrates its main focus on nano-robot control systems design including systems casualty, state notation and automata. We also describe the theory of nano-scale thermodynamically driven self assembly for collaborative information processing in a Bio-nanorobotics systems. A fuzzy shaped based approach is described in context of recognizing a single malignant cell along with its stage, as a target for medical treatment. The synthesis and imaging of magnetic nanoparticles, that can be functionally bind with the medicine and reached the effected regions for targeted drug delivery, such as in cancer treatment is also presented. A cybernetics approach for control, communication and computation in infinitesimal machinery systems with integration to complex man-machines systems in the light of general systems theory is suggested.

A novel carbon rich crystalline (C) SiC-Si(n) interface using liquid polycarbosilane as a precursor - a unique Schottky junction

This paper presents a novel rectifying interface material using carbon rich crystalline (C)-SiC and n-type Si by a modified CVD technique, using liquid polycarbosilane as a precursor at 900 °C. The equilibrium band diagram and Fermi level alignment was explained using Poissons model and the depletion approximation. The junction capacitance, depletion width and saturation current were evaluated and further discussed from the perspective of temperature dependency. The junction was found to be Schottky in nature, with a large breakdown voltage of 69 V and low space charge. This type of junction material, having good mechanical strength, is promising for high temperature and high power applications.

Quantum computing: A nano scale information processing in minds and machines

We present the new mathematical formalisms of Cognitive Quantum Number (CQN), as unified validation logic in human minds and machines. Though our theory is general, on study we concentrate in logic formation in the field of quantum computing specially for information processing in nano-scale devices. Our proposed logic not only allows us to derive the results of quantum state, but also permits their generalization of making available new techniques of logic inference, establishes a direct dynamical link between memory and processing part naturally. We consider quantum logic and cognition of mind in general as Eigen value problems. The role of molecular magnets in the field of quantum computation and mechanism for using it as qubits in the context of quantum phenomenon of spin tunneling in presence of external magnetic fields is formulated. Synthesis and spectral response of nano-particle towards quantum dot formation is also studied. We showed that the spectrum of logic operators and cognition of minds is in exact correspondence of the fundamentals alphabet of logic truth-values. The basic gate for quantum logic operations is also derived.

Nanorobotics Control Systems Design – A New Paradigm for Healthcare System

Nanorobotics is currently emerging as an attractive area of scientific research bridging biological and computational science along with mechanical science at the molecular level. We present a new approach to control the machines at the nano-meter or molecular scale (10− 9 meter) in the perspective of the theory of cybernetics, the science of control, communication and computation with integration to complex man–machines systems. The problem under study concentrates its main focus on nano-robot control systems design including systems casualty, state notation and automata. We also describe the theory of nano-scale thermodynamically driven self assembly for collaborative information processing in a Bio-nanorobotics systems. A fuzzy shaped based approach is described in context of recognizing a single malignant cell along with its stage, as a target for medical treatment. The synthesis and imaging of magnetic nanoparticles, that can be functionally bind with the medicine and reached the effected regions for targeted drug delivery, such as in cancer treatment is also presented.

Nanotoxicology: A Threat to the Environment and to Human Beings

Nanotechnology research and development is directed towards the understanding and control of matter at dimension of roughly 1–100 nm. At this size, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and potentially useful ways from the properties of individual’s atoms and molecules. Its applications advanced very quickly while very little has been done to measure and assess the risks of nanoparticles (NPs) to biological systems and to the ecosystems. In the year 2000, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was formed to ensure public confidence in the field of nanotechnology research, engineering and manufacturing of nanoscale product. In this chapter, we present different kind of nanotoxicology studies to examine the environment and health risks associated with nanoparticles exposure. We also point the penetration of nanoparticles into human body via various routes and interact with the system with their toxic properties that depends on surface chemistry, particle size, surface charge, and surface area. Nanoparticles of oxides like Sio2 produced and characterised in our laboratory were tested against insect’s pests and pathogens. Nano silica against insect pests shows nearly 100% mortality.

Biological Response Modifier-a nanorobotics control system design for immunotherapy in cancer treatment

Immune system is a complex network of highly specialized cells (such as lymphocytes) and organs, all of which work together to clear infection (antigens), such as bacteria, a virus or tumor cell, from the body. Biologic Response Modifiers (BRM), also called immunotherapy, is a type of treatment that mobilizes and trigger the bodys immune system. Our study concentrates on immunotherapeutic approach to determine the antitumor properties of a transmembrane glycopeptides of sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) known as S-LFA3 or T11TS. We also present the theory of self assembly for collaborative behavior of machines at the molecular scale (10-9 meter) in the perspective of the theory of cybernetics, the science of control, communication and computation with integration to complex man-machines systems for maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. Our study also concentrates on nano-robot control design by describing various molecular level systems along with system casualty, state notation and automata in the light of general systems theory. A detailed study for principal changes in immune reactivity and cellular architecture during the progressive development of intracranial neoplasms and an immunotherapeutic schedule with a novel BMR, the molecular nano robot, T11TS/S-LFA3 has been presented.

Infinitesimal Machinery - A Nanorobotics System for Cancer Treatment

We present an approach to control the machines at the nano-meter or molecular scale (10-9 meter) in the perspective of the theory of cybernetics, the science of control, communication and computation with integration to complex man -- machines systems. Though our theory is general, on study we concentrate on nano-robot design and control by describing various molecular level systems. We discuss the method of special autonomous robotic systems that can be used for bio-medical and bio-mechanical purposes. We also present a theory of nano scale self assembly for prototyping bio-nano systems with the goal of implementing their internal optimum movements in biological environment to perform manipulation of nano-medicine specially for cancer treatment. The system casualty, state notation and automata for nano-robotic systems in the light of general systems theory are suggested.

Cognitive Quantum Number - The Logic for Nano Scale Information Processing in Minds and Machines

We present a new concept for quantum computation and algorithms along with its theoretical understanding of quantum physics. We formulates the quantum logic and cognition of mind in general as the eigen value problems with the introduction of cognitive quantum number(CNQ), which interprets that the measurement act in the quantum domain parallels a decision process in domain of logic and it translates between the two. We also described the intelligent code of mind considering its operation as quantum mechanical in nature, that helps the modeling of information processing in case of quantum computing. Synthesis and spectral response of nano-particle towards quantum dot formation is also studied.