Santiagu Stephen Irudayaraj

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. leaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. have been utilized traditionally for the cure of diabetes. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was aimed to assess the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of T. asiatica leaves in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, HPLC analysis, acute toxicity study and oral glucose tolerance test were carried out. Glucose lowering effect of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of T. asiatica leaves was studied in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic and antioxidant activities were studied for the ethyl acetate extract. The effects of extracts on blood glucose, body weight, plasma insulin, total protein, liver glycogen, plasma enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) and activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were analyzed. RESULTS T. asiatica leaves ethyl acetate extract (TALEe) showed highly significant blood glucose lowering effect. Phytochemical evaluation of TALEe showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, cumarins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The total phenolic content of TALEe was 126 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g extract. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of flindersine and ulopterol. Acute toxicity study of TALEe revealed no death or toxicity. The oral glucose tolerance test showed lowered area under curve (AUC(glucose)) values in TALEe treated rats. After treatment with TALEe (250 and 500 mg/kg) for 28 days there was a significant decrease in blood glucose, plasma enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) and significant increase in body weight, total protein, serum insulin and liver glycogen levels in treated diabetic rats. The activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx were reversed to near normal in treated diabetic rats. Histopathology of pancreas in TALEe treated groups showed regeneration of β-cells. CONCLUSION The results of the experiments showed that TALEe exerted significant antidiabetic and antioxidant effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats justifying its traditional use.

In vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. Leaves in Triton WR-1339 and high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic rats

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity of Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. leaves in Triton WR-1339 and high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. In in vitro studies T. asiatica leaves ethyl acetate extract showed very good scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC₅₀ 605.34±2.62 μg/ml), hydroxyl (IC₅₀ 694.37±2.12 μg/ml) and nitric oxide (IC₅₀ 897.83±1.48 μg/ml) radicals, as well as high reducing power. In Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats, oral treatment with T. asiatica leaves ethyl acetate extract produced a significant (P≤0.005) decrease in the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in comparison with hexane and methanol extracts. In high fat diet-fed hyperlipidemic rats, the ethyl acetate extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly altered the plasma and liver lipids levels to near normal.

Hypoglycemic activity of 6-bromoembelin and vilangin in high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats and molecular docking studies.

AIMS This paper investigates the hypoglycemic activity of two derivatives of embelin (1) viz. 6-bromoembelin (2) and vilangin (3), in high-fat diet - STZ induced diabetic rats. MAIN METHODS The effects of 6-bromoembelin (2) and vilangin (3) on insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction and glucose transport in high-fat diet (HFD) fed-streptozotocin (STZ) (40mg/kg) induced type 2 diabetic rats were evaluated. The binding modes of 6-bromoembelin (2) and vilangin (3) into PPARγ, PI3K, Akt, and GLUT4 were also studied using Autodock 4.2 and ADT 1.5.6 programs. KEY FINDINGS At the dose of 30mg/kg, the plasma glucose, plasma insulin and body weight were reduced by both embelin derivatives in diabetic rats. Additionally the altered lipid profiles and hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase levels were brought to normal. Compared to diabetic control group, there was a significant increase in the expression of PPARγ in epididymal adipose tissue. Inhibition of adipogenic activity and mild activation of PPARγ levels in the skeletal muscle and liver were observed. In epididymal adipose tissue, the compounds increased the insulin-mediated glucose uptake through the activation and translocation of GLUT4 in PI3K/p-Akt signaling cascade. SIGNIFICANCE The derivatives of embelin such as 6-bromoembelin (2) and vilangin (3) may be useful in the prevention and treatment of obesity-linked type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Protective effects of Ficus carica leaves on glucose and lipids levels, carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and β-cells in type 2 diabetic rats

Abstract Context: The decoctions of Ficus carica Linn. (Moraceae) leaves are used in the folklore treatment of diabetes. Objective: To evaluate the effect of F. carica on glucose and lipids levels, carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and β-cells protective effects in type 2 diabetes. Material and methods: Diabetes was induced in 15 days high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg). The ethyl acetate extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of F. carica leaves was administered for 28 days. Oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were evaluated on 15th and 25th days, respectively. Results: The ethyl acetate extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) of n F. carica leaves showed significant effect (p < 0.005) in the levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), body weight and hepatic glycogen. In OGTT, F. carica (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.005) detained the increase in blood glucose levels at 60 and 120 min and in ITT, F. carica enhanced the glucose utilization significantly (p < 0.005) over 30 and 60 min compared to diabetic control. Further, the altered activities of key carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and hexokinase in the liver tissue of diabetic rats were significantly (p < 0.005) reverted to near normal levels upon treatment with F. carica. Immumohistochemical studies of islets substantiated the cytoprotective effect on pancreatic β-cells. Discussion and conclusions: F. carica leaves exerted significant effect on carbohydrate metabolism enzymes with promising hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in type 2 diabetic rats.

Insecticidal and Repellent Activities of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Extracts against Three Major Stored Product Pests

Fumigant toxicity and repellent activity of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae) leaf and fruit extracts were screened against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults. All the three solvent extracts of leaf and fruits recorded mortality and repellency against the three tested insects in a concentration dependent manner. C. maculatus was the most susceptible pest to the treatments. Lethal concentrations for 50 percent mortality (LC50) of C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum were recorded as 39.19, 44.13 and 61.10 μL/L, respectively. Diethyl ether fruit extract exhibited 100% repellent activity against C. maculatus and S. oryzae and 92% against T. castaneum adults at 20 μL concentration. These results suggested that Diethyl ether fruit extract of T. asiatica can be used as an ecofriendly fumigant and repellent against C. maculatus, S. oryzae and T. castaneum.

Biological effects of active fraction isolated from Hydnocarpus pentandra (Bunch. –Ham.) Oken seeds against Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Hydnocarpus pentandra (Flacourtiaceae) seeds were tested for antifeedant, larvicidal, pupal mortality and adult deformations activities against Helicoverpa armigera. Crude extracts were screened at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% concentrations. Bioassay-guided fractionation method was followed to isolate the active fraction from the crude extract. Active fraction was analysed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and GC-MS. Hexane extract presented the highest antifeedant (87.89%), pupal mortality (41.67%) and adult malformation activities at 2% concentration. Seven different fractions were isolated from hexane extract, among which fraction-2 showed the highest antifeedant (81.43%) activity and recorded the lowest LC50 of 792.07 ppm. The fraction-2 contained two cyclopentenyl carboxylic acids, such as hydnocarpic acid (1) and chaulmoogric acid (2) in the ratio of 2:1. These compounds were major constituents in the active fraction of hexane extract of H. pentandra seeds. Fraction-2 can be used for agricultural pest management.