Saravanan Shanmugam

Antidiabetic activity of Syzygium calophyllifolium in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced Type-2 diabetic rats.

The study was initiated to determine the antidaibetic activity of Syzygium calophyllifolium in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic rats. The rats were treated with 100 and 200mg/kg of the Syzygium calophyllifolium bark methanol extract (SCBM) and compared with the diabetic, normal and standard glibenclamide groups. The blood glucose level and body weight of the rats in different groups were monitored at regular intervals. The serum, blood biochemical and histopathological parameters of liver, kidney and pancreas were also analyzed. In vivo antioxidants like SOD, CAT, GST, GSH and GR levels were estimated in liver and kidney. SCBM (100mg/kg) extract could reduce the blood glucose level from the 15th day itself (213.67mg/dL) and the best reduction was observed till the end of the study with 259.25mg/dL (200mg/kg). Initial decrease in body weight was recovered after drug treatment and an increase in body weight was observed on the 4th week. The haematological parameters like total haemoglobin, packed cell volume percentage, total WBC and RBC content were found normal compared to that of normal untreated rats. Glibenclamide was also equally effective. The higher dose of SCBM extract could normalize the triglycerides, HDL, cholesterol and VLDL constituents in blood serum to the levels almost similar to that of normal rats. The results of the in vivo antioxidant levels showed that there are no significant difference in SOD, GSH and GR levels in all the groups compared to the normal control. SCBM and SMBM at 200mg/kg dose were much effective over the lower dose. The histology revealed that SCBM 200mg/kg could protect the cellular architecture of liver kidney and pancreas. The results from the study confirm ethnopharmacological significance of the plant and could be taken further for the development of an effective pharmaceutical drug against diabetes.

Effects of luteolin and quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside identified from Passiflora subpeltata leaves against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Passiflora subpeltata has many beneficial effects in the treatment of various diseases including inflammation, pain and fever. This study was aimed to analyze the phytochemical compounds present in acetone extract of P. subpeltata leaves and to evaluate their performance against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity activity. HPLC-DAD method was used to identify and quantify the phytochemical compounds. Hepatoprotective activity of acetone extract in the treatment of rat liver functions was monitored by the measurement of blood parameters and serum biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP and in vivo antioxidant parameters viz. SOD, CAT and LPO. Further, liver tissues were also subjected to histopathological analysis. The HPLC-DAD results showed the luteolin and quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside as newly identified compounds in P. subpeltata species. Pre-treatment with acetone extract of P. subpeltata leaves at 200 and 400mg/kg doses significantly elevated the WBC, RBC and HB counts and retained the serum biochemical and enzymatic antioxidants levels to normal level. Based on this detailed study we conclude that acetone extract of P. subpeltata leaves offered better protection against hepatotoxicity induced by the acetaminophen.

Comparative Evaluation of Physical Properties and Aroma Profile of Carrot Slices Subjected to Hot Air and Freeze Drying

ABSTRACT In the present study, carrots were subjected to hot air- and freeze-drying processes and their physical parameters and aromatic profile were compared. Water activity, shrinkage, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, rehydration ratio, and color measurements show that the convective drying of carrot slices lead to major changes in physical and aroma characteristics. The volatiles from air-drying of carrots contain terpenes, aldehydes, and alcohols which contribute to their aroma. The terpene, patchoulene imparting a spicy odor is reported for the first time in fresh carrots and it gets completely degraded during air dehydration. The key flavor components of fresh carrots were mostly retained during drying. The analytical results confirm that freeze-dried products had higher aroma retention.

Inflammatory Mediators and Oxidative Stress in Animals Subjected to Smoke Inhalation: A Systematic Review.

BackgroundThe inhalation injury is usually initiated by uninhibited absorption of smoke, favoring the release of cytokines and other lipid mediators from inflammatory cells in lung airways and parenchyma.ObjectivesTo systematically review, examine, and synthesize the main inflammatory mediators analyzed in published studies in animals subjected to smoke inhalation, as well as oxidative stress.Search StrategyA comprehensive literature search was conducted through MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus.Selection CriteriaStudies with animals subjected to lung damage from smoke inhalation that evaluated the presence and the action of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress.ResultsA total of 1332 studies were initially identified, with only 31 meeting the inclusion criteria. The inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers studied and presented in the articles described herein were varied; however, the most cited ones were tumor necrosis factor-alpha (6), IL-8 and IL-6 (both studied in five articles), IL-1β and nuclear factor kappa β (both studied in 4 articles), malondialdehyde (11 studies), and myeloperoxidase (7). It is worth noting that most studies evaluated more than one inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress marker.ConclusionBased on this review, we could observe that the main inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers analyzed were TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, nuclear factor kappa β, MDA, and MPO. However, it is necessary to increase the rigor of study design and data, in order to have studies that are more homogeneous and with appropriate methodological quality.

Enhancement of orofacial antinociceptive effect of carvacrol, a monoterpene present in oregano and thyme oils, by β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in mice.

Orofacial pain is associated with diagnosis of chronic pain of head, face, mouth, neck and all the intraoral structures. Carvacrol, a naturally occurring isoprenoid with diverse class of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor and antioxidant properties. Now, the antinociceptive effect was studied in mice pretreatment with carvacrol (CARV) and β-cyclodextrin complex containing carvacrol (CARV-βCD) in formalin-, capsaicin-, and glutamate- induced orofacial nociception. Mice were pretreated with vehicle (0.9% Nacl, p.o.), CARV (10 and 20mg/kg, p.o.), CARV-βCD (10 and 20mg/kg, p.o.) or MOR (10mg/kg, i.p.) before the nociceptive behavior induced by subcutaneous injections (s.c.) of formalin (20μl, 2%), capsaicin (20μl, 2.5μg) or glutamate (20μl, 25μM) into the upper lip respectively. The interference on motor coordination was determined using rotarod and grip strength meter apparatus. CARV-βCD reduced the nociceptive during the two phases of the formalin test, whereas CARV did not produced the reduction in face-rubbing behavior in the initial phase. CARV-βCD (20mg/kg, p.o.) produced 49.3% behavior pain while CARV alone at 20mg/kg, p.o, produced 28.7% of analgesic inhibition in the second phase of formalin test. CARV, CARV-βCD and Morphine (MOR) showed a significant reduction against nociception caused by capsaicin or glutamate injection. Thus the encapsulation of carvacrol in β-cyclodextrin can acts as a considerable therapeutic agent with pharmacological interest for the orofacial pain management.

Synthetic drugs for the treatment of vitiligo: a patent review (2010–2015)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Vitiligo is one of the most important acquired depigmentation disorders, with an average worldwide prevalence of 0.5–2.0%. The exact etiology of vitiligo is not fully understood, but the principle theories focus on the mechanism responsible for the destruction of melanocytes, which is proposed to be autoimmune, neurogenic, or self-destructive. There is no cure for vitiligo and the results of current treatments vary between individuals, being unsatisfactory in most cases. Despite being a cosmetic disease, the disorder can be psychologically devastating and stigmatizing. Areas covered: In this review, the authors summarize new synthetic drugs for the treatment of vitiligo developed between 2010 and 2015, which include MC1 R agonists and peptides, as well as considering new approaches and strategies using existing drugs. Expert opinion: In conclusion, we found significant advancement in this field of research, demonstrating the growing interest of academic and industrial groups in developing successful products for the treatment of vitiligo. New therapeutic options could contribute to improving the quality of life of patients and advance the search for a truly effective treatment of vitiligo.

Pharmacologic Treatment of Vitiligo in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

The true pathogenic mechanism of vitiligo is still unknown. About half of the patients with this disease have onset before the age of 20 years, making it a serious dermatologic disorder in childhood.

Polyphenols rich Passiflora leschenaultii leaves modulating Farnesoid X Receptor and Pregnane X Receptor against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The hepatoprotective effect of P. leschenaultii. (DC) leaves was investigated in rats under paracetamol induced oxidative stress. Leaf acetone extract (200 and 400mg/kg) were administered daily via gavage for 14days before paracetamol (2000mg/kg, p.o.) treatment. After the experiment, the levels of serum biochemical parameters and enzymatic antioxidant levels were determined. Furthermore, liver tissues were analyzed histopathologically. Additionally, the molecular docking studies of the identified compounds against PXR and FXR proteins were also performed. The assessment revealed that the acetone extract significantly reduced the elevated levels of SGPT, SGOT and ALP in serum. Moreover, the enzymatic antioxidants such as SOD, CAT and LPO were also retained normally by the plant extract. From histopathological analysis, it was clearly evident that the cellular architecture of plant extract treated rat liver tissues were not affected by the paracetamol induction at the higher dose. The results of docking studies also revealed that the identified compounds showed steric interactions (between nonpolar atoms) with amino acid groups. Collectively, the present study suggests that P. leschenaultii leaves extract protects the liver from paracetamol induced hepatic damage.

The role of interleukins in vitiligo: a systematic review

Vitiligo is a disorder of the skin that causes depigmentation and asymptomatic macules whose exact cause is still unclear. Although its aetiology is not fully elucidated, the main theory of its pathomechanism is that it is associated with the autoimmune process. There is few summarized information about the role of inflammatory mediators, as interleukins, in vitiligo, so our aim was to present a systematic review of the role of interleukins in vitiligo, focusing on interleukins. In this review, we included all studies assessing interleukin levels in vitiligo patients conducted up to June 2017. Quality assessment of these studies was performed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). The interleukins mainly involved were IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐17. The studies highlight the crucial role of IL‐17 in the onset and progression of the disease, and its synergistic action with IL‐2, IL‐6 and IL‐33. Dysregulated levels of the interleukins were also correlated with the stage of disease, the affected skin surface area, and indicated as the main factor for lymphocyte infiltration found in depigmented regions. These findings illustrate the growing need for new therapies targeting vitiligo and further research into the role of interleukins as an area of particular interest.

UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS identification, quantification of polyphenols from Passiflora subpeltata fruit pulp and determination of nutritional, antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase key enzymes inhibition properties.

The diabetic key enzymes inhibition, nutritional, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds identification of Passiflora subpeltata fruit pulp were investigated. Fifteen polyphenolic compounds including protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, eriodictyol and quercetin-3-glucoside were identified in the pulp of this species by using UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis. The total carbohydrates and crude protein contents in fruit pulp were 2.62 mg glucose equivalent/g sample fruit pulp and 8.80 mg BSA equivalent/g sample fruit pulp, respectively. The fresh fruit pulp of P. subpeltata contained high total phenolic (724.76 mg GAE/g sample) content and it revealed very high DPPH• (IC50 of 5.667 μg/mL) and ABTS+• (6794.96 μM trolox equivalent/g sample) scavenging activities. In the key enzymes assays useful for diabetic inhibition the fresh fruit pulp characterized maximum inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase IC50 of 18.69 and 32.63 μg/mL, respectively. Thus, these results lead to conclude that this fruit specie could be very useful source in nutraceutical products preparations for Type 2 diabetic suffering humans.