Savita Nema

Optimisation of the hybrid renewable energy system by HOMER, PSO and CPSO for the study area

This study is based on simulation and optimisation of the renewable energy system of the police control room at Sagar in central India. To analyse this hybrid system, the meteorological data of solar insolation and hourly wind speeds of Sagar in central India (longitude 78°45′ and latitude 23°50′) have been considered. The pattern of load consumption is studied and suitably modelled for optimisation of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The results are compared with those of the particle swarm optimisation and the chaotic particle swarm optimisation algorithms. The use of these two algorithms to optimise the hybrid system leads to a higher quality result with faster convergence. Based on the optimisation result, it has been found that replacing conventional energy sources by the solar–wind hybrid renewable energy system will be a feasible solution for the distribution of electric power as a stand-alone application at the police control room. This system is more environmentally friendly than the conventional diesel generator. The fuel cost reduction is approximately 70–80% more than that of the conventional diesel generator.

Inverter topologies and control structure in photovoltaic applications: A review

The inverter is an integral component of the power conditioning unit of a photovoltaic power system and employs various dc/ac converter topologies and control structure. It has to meet various international standards before it can be put in commercial use. The function of inverter in distributed power generation system on top of photovoltaic generation includes dc-ac conversion, output power quality assurance, various protection mechanisms, and system controls. The requirements in terms of low cost, high efficiency, high reliability, and tolerance over wide range of input voltage variations have driven the inverter development toward simpler topologies, lower component counts, and tighter modular design. Historically, the inverters employed in PV technology may be classified based on number of power processing stages, type of power decoupling, types of interconnection between the stages, and types of grid interface. Based on power processing stage, the inverter may be classified as single stage and multip...

A comprehensive assessment of maximum power point tracking techniques under uniform and non-uniform irradiance and its impact on photovoltaic systems: A review

Under shading condition, the power–voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic (PV) modules exhibit complexity with multiple numbers of peaks. Existence of multiple peaks leads to additional difficulties in tracking maximum power point (MPP) and shall mar efficiency of PV arrays under shading, if appropriate measures are not taken. It is due to the nonlinear characteristics of PV cell, maximum power can be extracted under particular weather condition. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to maximize PV array output power continuously, by tracking MPP, the location of which depends on atmospheric temperature and solar insolation. The major drawbacks of traditional MPPT techniques are that they are unable to track global peak under non-uniform irradiance/insolation. Numerous techniques are reported in literature to find MPP in both under uniform insolation and partial shading condition. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various MPPT techniques under uniform and non-uniform irr...

Comprehensive analysis of maximum power point tracking techniques in solar photovoltaic systems under uniform insolation and partial shaded condition

Augmentation in use of solar energy has been reiterated in the literature. The significant role of this gradual but continuous growth lies in its ubiquitously known ride through other conventional energy sources in terms of supplement to increasing energy demand. Whereas the only limitation with solar photovoltaic (PV) system is that it suffers from low efficiency energy conversion, therefore it becomes more important to draw maximum available power from solar PV. As the I-V characteristic of PV is nonlinear and alters with different values of insolation and temperature, it causes alteration in Maximum Power Point (MPP), also at the time of partial shading condition the point of maximum power deviates. In literature, good number of publications proclaimed for tracking the maximum power point for uniform insolation as well as for partial shading condition. This paper contributes an encyclopedic review of MPP Tracking (MPPT) technique which may overcome the distraction of researchers while selecting MPPT te...

Comparative analysis of maximum power point (MPP) tracking techniques for solar PV application using MATLAB simulink

The renewable energy sources such as PV cells, fuel cells or energy storage devices are most popular. Among which photovoltaic energy is becoming one of the main power suppliers. This paper presents a comparative analysis between Perturb & Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (Inc-Cond) algorithm for extracting the maximum power from photovoltaic Array. Because of the nonlinear characteristics of PV cell, the maximum power can be extracted under particular whether condition. Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to maximize the output power of PV array, continuously to track the maximum power point (MPP), which depends on atmospheric temperature and solar insolation. This paper addresses the comparison between of the existing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used in photovoltaic systems as reported in literature by using MATLAB/Simulink and PSPICE.

Development of photovoltaic (PV) cell/module/array and non-uniform irradiance effect based on two-diode model by using PSPICE simulator

Need of alternate electrical energy resource and compatibility with grid connection has revived the interest in PV system. To study the interaction with converters an accurate modeling approach is required which should be able to define precisely the electrical behavior with changes in the surrounding temperature and insolation level. This paper proposes a PSPICE based model utilizing two diode based cell contributing higher accuracy at low irradiance level and allowing better analysis of PV system performance. Also to analyze partial shading effect a model is put forward with the utilization of two diode based PV cell. Temperature and insolation levels are kept as variables to plot the VI and PV characteristics. In order to study the interfacing with MPPT algorithms and converters PV array and module simulation are performed. PSPISE simulator is a platform to deal with non-linear devices such as diodes and transistors availed with a number of parameter to achieve numerical convergence.

A Different Approach to Design Non-Isolated DC–DC Converters for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an essential part of solar photovoltaic (PV) system to draw maximum available power which is generated by the solar PV. The concept of MPPT is based on maximum power transfer theorem. When the impedance of source is equal to the load impedance then only, source or solar PV delivers maximum power to the load. Impedance matching is done through DC–DC converter, whereas the duty cycle of the converter is decided by the MPPT algorithm. Nonetheless, DC–DC converter design is a key aspect in any tracking scheme, bulk of publications on MPPT are available in literature but very less information can be obtained on DC–DC converter design. Thus, the main focus of this paper is to provide an easy converter design procedure for MPPT in solar PV applications on the basis of solar panels impedance. In this paper, a step by step design of buck converter, boost converter and buck–boost converter particularly for MPPT applications is presented and results are verified through OPAL-RT OP4500 Real Time Simulator.

Physical design and modelling of boost converter for maximum power point tracking in solar PV systems

Renewable energy is an alternative way that will hopefully lead us away from petroleum dependent energy sources. Among all renewable energy sources solar energy is the most acceptable solution as it is available in abundant and free of cost worldwide. A typical solar generation system consists of a solar array and a DC-DC converter. A DC-DC converter acts as an interface between the load and the PV module as it serves the purpose of transferring maximum power from the solar PV module to the load. To develop a photovoltaic (PV) power generation system with a suitable converter topology, it is imperative to analyze the converter. In this paper modeling and physical design of DC-DC boost converter is presented for solar PV system (TET-1210 made by Thrive Energy Technologies Pvt. Ltd.) and tested in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The result shows that the designed converter can be implemented with any maximum power point tracking technique and gives the maximum power at 70.06% of duty cycle. The small signal analysis of boost converter is also given in this paper which is very helpful for the stability analysis.

Automatic solar tracking system using DELTA PLC

Energy and environment are the major problems in todays world. Renewable energy is the only solution to meet power demand as the conventional energy sources are not only limited but also the main culprit for environmental pollution. Solar energy is the primary source of renewable energy in developing the power deficient. But solar panels are less efficient in developing the power due to its fixed panel arrangement. So, many tracking methods are developed to track the sun among them some are less precise in control, some are complex in control system, and some are unable to track the sun during certain whether conditions. In this paper, automatic solar tracking system is implemented using DELTA PLC which tracks the sun more effectively with its simple and precise control structure in all environmental conditions. The automatic solar tracker maneuvers solar panel towards the sun to extract maximum energy during the day time. The tracking is done by programmed light intensity of the panel with the help of LDR sensors and magnetic reed switches, which controls the speed and direction of the dc gear motor attached to the solar panel through mechanical structure and gear arrangement by programming in PLC. The power generation obtained from the proposed PV system increases about 25% with power consumption of the tracker when compared with the power generation obtained from the conventional solar PV system. This can be implemented for a grid connected PV system in order to increase the generation of power. It can also be used to compensate power demand and to obtain high economic returns within shorter duration of time.

Overview of different control schemes used for controlling of DC-DC converters

DC-DC converters find multitude of application in the area of power electronics and associated engineering disciplines. They are used to convert unregulated DC input to a regulated one. Due to switching actions, these converters are nonlinear and have lightly damped dynamics. The DC-DC converters are generally modeled as a function of load parameters, duty cycle, and input voltage, thus making multi-variable control design difficult and challenging one. To overcome the non-linearity of the system and to obtain desired output voltage with good dynamics, the controller design plays an important role. In this paper, an overview of different controllers used for the controlling of DC-DC converters is presented such as Pole Placement, Posicast, Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network. This overview is helpful for selecting an appropriate control scheme for different DC-DC converters used in various applications.