Sayed M. Rawi

Effect of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin on some oxidative stress parameters in brain regions of male albino rats

The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of involved oxidative stress due to the oral administration of either ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin (under therapeutic level) in the three brain regions, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of male albino rats weighing (100 ± 20 g). The ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin administered groups exhibited significant elevation in lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity in cortex, hippocampus and striatum. The redox status (reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Na + , K + , -adenosine triphosphatase (Na + , K + , -ATPase) enzymes activity were significantly reduced in a dose dependant manner in the three brain regions. Generally, the data suggest the contribution between these antibiotics and oxidative stress in brain regions which through light on the need of studies for design and development of new quinol on e derivatives with broader antibacterial activity and better pharmaco-kinetics avoiding central nervous system (CNS) side effects.

Hazardous effects of acrylamide on immature male and female rats

control group that received a daily oral administration of distilled water and (II) ACR treated rats which received a daily oral administration of ACR (15 mg/kg/body weight). The results obtained indicate that ACR administration induced some behavioral disorders in the movement of immature male and female rats as well as loss of body weight. ACR induced a significant decrease in hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocytes (RBCS), hematocrit (HCT) and lymphocyte levels of young female rats. ACR significantly increased serum glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations of both immature male and female rats. While, significant increase in the total urea concentration was noticed only in the immature male rats following ACR administration. Moreover, ACR induced marked increase in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the immature male and female rats. On the other hand, the activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were significantly decreased in both treated groups. ACR caused a significant increase in norepinephrin (NE), glutamate, aspartate and taurine, while it reduced dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) levels. In conclusion, the present study showed that, ACR induced hazardous effects on immature male and female rats. So, we recommended that children must avoid fast or junk foods.

Zinc sulphate and vitamin E alleviate reproductive toxicity caused by aluminium sulphate in male albino rats

This study was designed to investigate the reproductive toxicity of aluminium sulphate and the therapeutic effects of administration of zinc sulphate and vitamin E individually or in combination against the toxic effect caused by aluminium (Al) in male albino rats. The animals were divided into five groups: group 1 received distilled water and served as control; group 2 received only aluminium sulphate (50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)); group 3 received aluminium sulphate (50 mg/kg b.w.) plus zinc sulphate (50 mg/kg b.w.); group 4 received aluminium sulphate (50 mg/kg b.w.) and vitamin E (15 mg/kg b.w.); group 5 received aluminium sulphate plus a combination of zinc sulphate and vitamin E in similar doses as above. Doses were administered orally once daily for 45 consecutive days. The results revealed that aluminium sulphate induced significant decrease in body weight gain and testis weight and significant increase in Al level in both serum and testes of male rats. Biochemical analysis showed significant decrease in serum total protein and phospholipids levels, while serum total lipid was significantly elevated post Al treatment. In addition, significant decrease in total protein, phospholipids and cholesterol levels in the testes of Al-treated rats was recorded. The data also showed significant decrease in the levels of serum testosterone, leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone and significant increase in the level of serum prolactin in Al-intoxicated rats. Moreover, histological examination showed that aluminium sulphate caused apparent alterations in the testicular structure of the treated animals. Treatment with zinc sulphate and vitamin E individually or in combination ameliorated the harmful effects of Al, which was proved histopathologically by the noticeable improvement in the testicular tissues. We can conclude that the tested dose of aluminium sulphate induced toxic effect on the reproductive system of male albino rats and the treatment with zinc sulphate and/or vitamin E alleviated these toxic effects. In some cases, vitamin E exerted a more potent effect, while in other cases, the more potent effect is related to zinc sulphate and the combination of both at most of the recorded data.

The potent effects of ginseng root extract and memantine on cognitive dysfunction in male albino rats

The study determined the maximum intraperitoneal (ip) scopolamine dose inducing memory impairment in rats (2 mg/kg) compared to 0.5 or 1 mg/kg dose. The effect reflected by significant increase from normal in the latency time required for rats to find the hidden platform in water maze task and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in cortex, hippocampus and striatum. The dose-related histopathological effect via the hemorrhage, vacuolation and gliosis in cortex and hippocampus is assessed. Then the study investigated the potency of Panax ginseng root extract on scopolamine cognitive dysfunction rat model compared to memantine hydrochloride as reference Food and Drug Administration approved. Ginseng extract was administered at dose 100 or 200 mg/kg/day and memantine at 20 mg/kg/day orally for 2 weeks. All treatments showed improvement in the water maze task, however, ginseng (200 mg/kg) group acquired the advantage without statistical difference control. Scopolamine (2 mg/kg ip) group showed significant increase in AChE reactivity and glutamate level and reduced monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin) and γ-aminobutyric acid contents in cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Ginseng extract in a dose-dependent manner appears effective as memantine and can improve memory impairment through the retrieved homeostasis via neurotransmitter levels and AChE activities in rat brain areas with partial effect on the histological feature of the brain tissue.

Exploration of the neurotoxicity of ciprofloxcin or gatifloxacin single dose in rat cortex and hippocampus

The study aimed to evaluate the neurotoxicity of ciprofloxacin (Cip) or gatifloxacin (Gati) single oral dose in male albino rats weighing (100 ± 20 g) grouped as control-administered water, ciprofloxacin (80 mg/kg) and gatifloxacin (32 mg/kg) each of 12 rats. The frontal cortex of both groups revealed decrease in glutamate, GABA, taurine, histidine and serotonin levels and elevation of aspartate, glycin and serine and AChE activities. While noradrenaline and dopamine levels reduced significantly in Gati group, noradrenaline increased significantly in Cip group. Hippocampus of either Cip or Gati groups results revealed elevation of all detected amino acids and monoamines except the reduction of glutamate, aspartate and dopamine in Cip group. In the meantime, AChE activities significantly reduced in both treatments. Serum results showed elevation of glucose in both treated groups. The histological examination of Gati brain tissue showed neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex and congestion in the blood vessels and capillaries in hippocampus tissue without histopathological alteration observed in Cip group tissue. Overall, the data showed the effect of the quinolones single dose towards hyperglycemia and shift in balance of neurotransmitters and acetylcholinesterase as well as the histopathological alterations in the tested brain areas. Key words: Ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, cortex, hippocampus, neurotransmitters, glucose.