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An axillary arch

An axillary (axillopectoral) muscle (arch) was observed extending between the upper border of the latissimus dorsi and the lower border of the pectoralis major muscles in a 48‐year‐old male cadaver during our dissections. In the same cadaver, the pectoralis major muscle has entirely inserted into the most distal part of the tendon of deltoideus.

Prevention of doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity by catechin.

Doxorubicin (dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic which is broadly used in solid tumors. Long-term therapy with this drug is accompanied by potentially lethal, dose-dependent side effects. Several reports suggest that oxygen free radicals produced during the metabolic activation of dox may have toxic effects on heart muscle. We tried to protect dox cardiotoxicity in rats using catechin which is a known antioxidant and iron chelating agent. Different dose levels and combinations of catechin and doxorubicin have been studied in different experimental groups. Electrocardiograms, myocardial contractility, body weight and the electron microscope were used to assess the cardioprotective effect of catechin in dox-treated animals. We found significant prevention of dox-induced cardiotoxicity by catechin in rats.

Effect of Mg2SO4 usage on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury: Electron microscopic and functional evaluation

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate (Mg2SO4) administration on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the spinal cord. Material and Methods: Sixteen rabbits were randomly assigned to the control (group I, 8 rabbits) and the study group (group II, 8 rabbits). The abdominal aorta was clamped for a period of 30 min followed by a reperfusion period of 60 min. The animals in group II received 0.25 ml/kg/h Mg2SO4 intravenous infusion (15% Mg2SO4) throughout this procedure. The animals were then observed for 24 h after which their neurological states were evaluated and tissue samples obtained from the spinal cord were examined with electron microscopy. Results: Aortic pressure distal to the cross-clamp during the occlusion period was 9 ± 3 mm Hg in group I and 19 ± 6 mm Hg in group II. All animals in group I were paraplegic at the end of the study. In group II the neurological outcome of 1 animal was poor while the other 7 animals were neurologically in a good condition. Electron microscopic examinations of the spinal cord tissues of group I revealed severe injury but the ultrastructure was well preserved in group II. Conclusions: Intravenous Mg2SO4 administration may have protective effects on the ischemia-reperfusion injury of the spinal cord. We propose that Mg2SO4 may be an additional protective pharmacological agent in thoracal and thoracoabdominal aortic surgery.

Histopathological changes in nasal mucosa with nasal septum deviation

Histopathological changes in septal and nasal mucosa of patients with nasal septum deviation are not well known. Biopsies of septal and lateral nasal mucosae from both sides of nose were obtained from 20 patients undergoing septoplasty and control group of 10 patients undergoing head and neck surgery. Histopathological changes including lymphocytic infiltration and squamous metaplasia were compared. This study determined significantly higher rate of squamous metaplasia and lymphocytic infiltration in septal mucosa opposite the deviation compared to control group. Furthermore, there was a significantly higher rate of lymphocytic infiltration in the lateral nasal wall mucosa opposite the deviation when compared to control group. Increased lymphocytic infiltration and squamous metaplasia are observed on both sides of nasal mucosa; however, they are more severe on the side opposite the deviation. Septal deviation predisposes to chronic mucosal inflammation and squamous metaplasia, both of which may render patients susceptible to chronic rhinosinusitis.

Ultrastructural changes in the circumventricular organs after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract Objectives: Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are fine, periventricular, neurotransmitter-rich structures that are devoid of a blood–brain barrier and are known for their secretory role controlling fluid and electrolyte balance, thirst and even reproduction. Common pathologies of the brain such as trauma or bleeding affect CVOs, and hence their function. However, at what stage of these disease processes are CVOs affected and the time sequence of their recovery is still not clear. The aim of this study was to detect the morphological changes in CVOs using electron microscopy after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods: Experimental SAH was induced by transclival puncture of the basilar artery. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination of the representive sections from each CVO was undertaken. Results: Electron microscopy has shown that after SAH, the cells that form the CVOs exhibit signs of cellular necrosis with margination of the nucleus as well as cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and axonal edema. The subfornicial organ and organum vasculosum lamina terminalis appear to be more vulnerable to the effects of SAH than the median eminence or area postrema. Discussion: Considering the fact that the experimental SAH model we have used is very similar to the momentary rupture of an aneurysm with secondary reflex spasm to seal the hole, it will not be unrealistic to consider that similar effects may also take place in the clinical setting.

A calcifying fibroma of the meninges report of a case and review of the literature.

We report an unusual tumor related to the meninges designated as a calcifying fibroma of the meninges. Our patient was a 44-year-old man.The tumor was located in the right frontotemporoparietal region and was excised totally via a right frontotemporoparietal craniotomy. The patient had recovered completely, and no recurrence was observed in a follow-up period of three years. Histopathologically, we noted scattered spindle cells among the hyalinized collagenous stroma, dystrophicpsammomatous calcifications, abundant perivascular hyalinization and cartilagenous metaplasia. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed actin, smooth muscle and vimentin immunreactivities. Ultrastructurally, spindle cells showed fibroblastic features. The lesion is a true tumor and it should be kept in mind in the differential diagnoss of meningeal calcifying lesions.

Functional Outcome in Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia: Use of Enoximone

Ten dogs underwent 60 minutes of aortic occlusion; 5 received enoximone 10 μg·kg−1·min−1 and the other 5 served as controls. Distal and proximal aortic pressures were measured during the procedure. Neurological status was assessed after 72 hours. Spinal cord specimens were taken for electron microscopy. During aortic occlusion, cerebrospinal fluid pressure was 17 ± 3 mm Hg in the control group and 14 ± 4 mm Hg in the enoximone group, while distal aortic pressure was 15 ± 4 mm Hg in the control group compared to 47 ± 6 mm Hg in the enoximone group (p < 0.001). Four dogs in the control group suffered paraplegia but there was no paraplegia in the enoximone group (p < 0.01). Electron microscopy scores indicated significantly less ultrastructural damage (p < 0.01) in the enoximone group (2.73 ± 0.79) than in the control group (7.67 ± 0.89). It was concluded that enoximone was effective in reducing the risk of spinal cord injury during aortic crossclamping.