Semran Saglam

Innovation of Strategies and Challenges for Fungal Nanobiotechnology

Nanotechnology involves the study and use of materials under the 100 nm scale, exploiting the different physiochemical properties exhibited by these materials at the nanoscale level. Microorganisms are the best model and role of action for the nano/biotechnological applications. This technology has become increasingly important for the biotechnology and the related sectors. Promising applications have been already employed in the areas of drug delivery systems using bioactive nanoencapsulation, biosensors to detect and quantify pathogens, chemical and organic compounds, alteration of food compositions, and high-performance sensors and film to preserve fruits and vegetables. Moreover, the taste of food and food safety can be improved by new nano-materials from the microbiological sources. The huge benefits from this technology have led to increases in the market investments in nanoscience and nanoproducts in several areas.

Titanium Dioxide Thin Films as Methane Gas Sensors

TiO2 thin film was deposited onto n-Si substrate at 100°C by using a sputtering method, and the film was annealed in air atmosphere at range of 500°C-1000°C. The structural and morphological properties of the all films were investigated by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscope. The gas sensor with interdigitated platinum electrodes was fabricated with photolithographic techniques using the as-deposited and annealed TiO2 thin films as an active material. The sensitivity of the sensors was determined by altering the conductivity of the sensor material under methane gas with various concentrations at different working temperatures. It was determined that the fabricated sensor using as-deposited TiO2 thin film with 10-nm particle size has high sensitivity and fast response/recovery time. The sensor operated at 50°C had also sensitive to the methane gas and its detection performance increased with temperatures. It was observed that the fabricated sensors exhibited reproducible and stable results.

Synthesis, characterization and theoretical studies of 5-(benzylthio)-1-cylopentyl-1H-tetrazole.

In this study, 5-(benzylthio)-1-cylopentyl-1H-tetrazole (5B1C1HT) have been synthesized. Boiling points of the obtained compound have been determined and it has been characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C-APT and LC-MS spectroscopy techniques. The FT-IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C-APT spectral measurements of the 5B1C1HT compound and complete assignment of the vibrational bands observed in spectra has been discussed. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis following full structure optimization and force field calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) at 6-311++G(**), cc-pVDZ and cc-pVTZ basis sets. The optimized geometry with 6-311++G(**) basis sets were used to determine the total energy distribution, harmonic vibrational frequencies, IR intensities.

An investigations on the molecular structure, FT-IR, FT-Raman and NMR spectra of 1-(p-tolylsulfonyl) pyrrole by theoretical and experimental approach

Fourier-Transform-Infrared, Fourier-Transform-Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Rezonans spectra of 1-(p-tolylsulfonyl) pyrrole molecule have been recorded. In the powder form, vibrational spectra of 1-(p-tolylsulfonyl) pyrrol molecule were investigated in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1), respectively. The conformational analysis, geometrical structure, molecular electrostatic potential map, HOMO-LUMO and vibrational spectroscopic properties of the isolated 1-(p-tolylsulfonyl) pyrrole molecule have also been carried out at the Molecular Mechanic and Density Functional Theory approaches. Density Functional Theory results have been associated with Scaled Quantum Mechanics Force Field for fitting between the theoretical and the experimental frequencies.

Infrared, Raman and NMR spectra, conformational stability and vibrational assignment of 7,8-Dihydroxy-4-Methylcoumarin

We report a combined some (infrared, Raman and NMR) spectroscopic and quantum chemistry study on 7,8-Dihydroxy-4-Methylcoumarin molecule (78D4MC). The Raman and IR spectra of 78D4MC molecule were recorded and analyzed in the region 3500-50 cm(-1) and 4000-400 cm(-1), respectively. Potential energy scans were performed at the MMFF level of theory. All possible conformers, which are results at the MMFF level theory, were re-computed at the B3LYP functional with cc-pVDZ basis set. The optimized geometrical parameters, harmonic vibrational wavenumbers and NMR chemical shifts of the most stable conformer were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p), cc-pVTZ and cc-pVQZ level in the proximity of the isolated molecule. DFT calculations were combined with Pulays scaled quantum mechanics force field (SQMFF) methodology in order to fit the theoretical wavenumbers to the experimental ones.

Molecular structure, vibrational spectral investigation and the confirmation analysis of 4-Methylesculetin molecule

In this work, FT-IR, FT-Raman, and FT-NMR spectra of 4-Methylesculetin molecule are presented for the first time. FT-IR, FT-Raman, and FT-NMR spectra of 4MEC have been recorded and analyzed. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of this molecule are recorded at 4000-400 cm−1 and 50–3500 cm−1, respectively. The infrared vibrational frequencies, absolute intensities, potential energy profile, HOMO-LUMO plot and NBO analysis of the molecule have been also predicted using Becke’s three-parameter hybrid B3LYP method in the density functional theory DFT method. Calculated and experimental data are in good agreement.

Conformational and Vibrational Studies of Triclosan

The conformational equilibrium of triclosan (5‐chloro‐2‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenol) have been calculated using density functional theory (DFTe/B3LYP/6‐311++G(d, p)) method. Four different geometries were found to correspond to energy minimum conformations. The IR spectrum of triclosan was measured in the 4000–400 cm−1 region. We calculated the harmonic frequencies and intensities of the most stable conformers in order to assist in the assignment of the vibrational bands in the experimental spectrum. The fundamental vibrational modes were characterized depending on their total energy distribution (TED%) using scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) force field method.

Bioremediation Applications with Fungi

Industrial wastewaters such as olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW) and alcohol factory wastewater (vinasse) with high polluting characteristics affect the ecosystem seriously. The environmental impact of these wastewaters is rather severe due to their organic matter content and dark color. Therefore, it is illegal to dispose these wastewaters directly into the environment. In addition of wastewater treatments, decolorization of Kraft mills is one of the serious problems in pulp and paper industries because of their high color contents. The discharges of Kraft mills present a threat for environment and especially surface waters. These colored effluents contain serious amounts of chlorinated and oxidized lignin compounds. Remediation of this kind of wastewaters by conventional treatment methods has difficult and challenging processes. As a solution, the fungi have been chosen for bioremediation of wastewaters as efficient biological systems as they are able to remove the color and threatful organic content. Mycoremediation is an effective and ecofriendly method for the bioremediation of this type of wastewaters. This method has several advantages over chemical or physical remediation. Besides, fungal enzymes have a great potential for detoxifying and screening most of the environmental pollutants. In the last decade, fungal enzymes have a new application area on sensor technology. Biosensors are able to utilize fungal enzymes including an electrode that may be used for the detection of pollutants such as phenolic compounds. The objective of this chapter is to summarize recent developments in mycoremediation of wastewaters, especially OOMW and vinasse. Here, the role of biotechnologically important fungi such as yeast, molds, and white rot fungi in the mycoremediation of wastewaters is reviewed. The various mycoremediation methods for effective bioremediation and recent developments for fungal enzymes are also discussed.

Characterization of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Nanobiomedical Applications

The electrospinning method is employed in the production of porous fiber scaffolds, and the usage of electrospun scaffolds especially as drug carrier and bone reconstructive material such as implants is promising for future applications in tissue engineering. The number of publications has grown very rapidly in this field through the fabrication of complex scaffolds, novel approaches in nanotechnology, and improvements of imaging methods. Hence, characterization of these materials has also grown significantly important for getting satisfied and accurate results. This advantageous and versatile method is ideal for mimicking bone extracellular matrix, and many biodegradable and biocompatible polymers are preferred in the field of bone reconstruction. In this study, gelatin, gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) and gelatin/PLLA/nHAp scaffolds were fabricated by the electrospinning process. These composite fibers showed clear and continuous morphology according to observation through a scanning electron microscope and their component analyses were also determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analyses. These characterization experiments revealed the great effects of the electrospinning method for biomedical applications and have an especially important role in bone reconstruction and production of implant coating material.

Theoretical (DFT) and experimental (FT-IR, FT-Raman, FT-NMR) investigations on 7-Acetoxy-4-(bromomethyl)coumarin

An analysis of the results of the structural and spectroscopic studies of 7-Acetoxy-4-(bromomethyl) coumarin (7A4BMC) molecule were performed by FT-IR, FT-Raman, FT-NMR and quantum chemical calculations. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 7A4BMC were recorded in the 400–4000 and 50–3500 cm–1 region, respectively. The molecular conformations of 7A4BMC were computed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Molecular structure and spectral calculations were calculated by means of B3LYP with 6-311++G(d,p), cc-pVDZ and cc-pVTZ basis sets. The whole vibrational characteristics of the 7A4BMC molecule are given.