Seow A

Colorectal carcinoma among ethnic Chinese in Singapore

Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that the anatomic distribution of colorectal carcinoma may have undergone a distal to proximal shift over several decades, which has been attributed variously to environmental and genetic factors as well as preventive intervention.

Population-based cancer survival in Singapore, 1968 to 1992: An overview

The Singapore Cancer Registry has provided comprehensive population‐based incidence data since 1968. This paper describes the population‐based survival analysis of the registry data. All invasive primary cancers diagnosed from January 1, 1968 to December 31, 1992 were passively followed up until December 31, 1997. Only 5.8% were lost to follow‐up. Cumulative and observed survival rates were calculated using Hakulinens method. Overall 5‐year relative survival rates have increased dramatically over the 25‐year period in both genders. Significant increases are seen with nasopharynx, stomach and colo‐rectum cancers, non‐Hodgkins lymphoma, leukemias and cancers of the testis, cervix, ovaries and breast. When compared with the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) rates in the United States, the 5‐year relative survival rates in Singapore are generally lower. However, the rate of change between the two countries is fairly similar. On the average, the rates are 10 to 15 years behind the SEER rates and 5 to 10 years behind Finland, Switzerland and Japan, but they are close to the UK rates. The age‐standardized 5‐year survival rate for Singapore is higher for most sites compared with other developing countries like Qidong (China), Madras (India), Bombay (India) and Chiang Mai (Thailand). The 25‐year trend in cancer survival in Singapore showed two extreme groups: those showing no change and those showing significant improvements. Reducing the incidence of cancers belonging to the first group remains the only viable mode of cancer control. For cancers in the second group, improvement in survival is due to a combination of successful early detection measures and effective treatment services in Singapore.