Serban P. Georgescu

Parasympathetic response in chick myocytes and mouse heart is controlled by SREBP.

Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart, which provides protection from arrhythmias and sudden death, involves activation of the G protein-coupled inward rectifying K+ channel GIRK1/4 and results in an acetylcholine-sensitive K+ current, I KACh. We describe a unique relationship between lipid homeostasis, the lipid-sensitive transcription factor SREBP-1, regulation of the cardiac parasympathetic response, and the development of ventricular arrhythmia. In embryonic chick atrial myocytes, lipid lowering by culture in lipoprotein-depleted serum increased SREBP-1 levels, GIRK1 expression, and I KACh activation. Regulation of the GIRK1 promoter by SREBP-1 and lipid lowering was dependent on interaction with 2 tandem sterol response elements and an upstream E-box motif. Expression of dominant negative SREBP-1 (DN-SREBP-1) reversed the effect of lipid lowering on I KACh and GIRK1. In SREBP-1 knockout mice, both the response of the heart to parasympathetic stimulation and the expression of GIRK1 were reduced compared with WT. I KACh, attenuated in atrial myocytes from SREBP-1 knockout mice, was stimulated by SREBP-1 expression. Following myocardial infarction, SREBP-1 knockout mice were twice as likely as WT mice to develop ventricular tachycardia in response to programmed ventricular stimulation. These results demonstrate a relationship between lipid metabolism and parasympathetic response that may play a role in arrhythmogenesis.

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells offer new insights into the relationship between lipid metabolism and angiogenesis

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have played a major role as a model system for the study of the regulation of endothelial cell function and the role of the endothelium in the response of the blood vessel wall to stretch, shear forces, and the development of atherosclerotic plaques and angiogenesis. Here, we use HUVECs and human microvascular endothelial cells to study the role of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, and the small GTP-binding protein Rho in the regulation of angiogenesis. Simvastatin inhibited angiogenesis in response to FGF-2 in the corneal pocket assay of the mouse and in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated angiogenesis in the chick chorioallontoic membrane. Furthermore, simvastatin inhibited VEGF-stimulated tube formation by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and the formation of honeycomb-like structures by HUVECs. The effect was dose-dependent and was not secondary to apoptosis. Geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP), a product of the cholesterol metabolic pathway that serves as a substrate for the posttranslational lipidation of RhoA, was required for membrane localization, but not farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP), the substrate for the lipidation of Ras. Furthermore, GGTI, a specific inhibitor of GGPP, mimicked the effect of simvastatin of tube formation and the formation of honeycombs whereas FTI, a specific inhibitor of the farnesylation of Ras, had no effect. Adenoviral expression of a DN-RhoA mutant mimicked the effect of simvastatin on tube formation and the formation of honeycombs, whereas a dominant activating mutant of RhoA reversed the effect of simvastatin on tube formation. Finally, simvastatin interfered with the membrane localization of RhoA with a dose-dependence similar to that for the inhibition of tube formation. Simvastatin also inhibited the VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor KDR, and the tyrosine kinase FAK, which plays a role in cell migration. These data demonstrate that simvastatin interfered with angiogenesis via the inhibition of RhoA. Data supporting a role for angiogenesis in the development and growth of atherosclerotic plaques suggest that this antiangiogenic effect of Statins might prevent the progression of atherosclerosis via the inhibition of plaque angiogenesis.

Decreased metalloprotease 9 induction, cardiac fibrosis, and higher autophagy after pressure overload in mice lacking the transcriptional regulator p8.

Left ventricular remodeling, including the deposition of excess extracellular matrix, is key to the pathogenesis of heart failure. The stress-inducible transcriptional regulator p8 is increased in failing human hearts and is required both for agonist-stimulated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and for cardiac fibroblasts matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP9) induction. In the heart, upregulation of autophagy is an adaptive response to stress and plays a causative role in cardiomyopathies. We have recently shown that p8 ablation in cardiac cells upregulates autophagy and that, in vivo, loss of p8 results in a decrease of cardiac function. Here we investigated the effects of p8 genetic deletion in mediating adverse myocardial remodeling. Unstressed p8-/- mouse hearts manifested complex alterations in the expression of fibrosis markers. In addition, these mice displayed elevated autophagy and apoptosis compared with p8+/+ mice. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) induced left ventricular p8 expression in p8+/+ mice. Pressure overload caused left ventricular remodeling in both genotypes, however, p8-/- mice showed less cardiac fibrosis induction. Consistent with this, although MMP9 induction was attenuated in the p8-/- mice, induction of MMP2 and MMP3 were strikingly upregulated while TIMP2 was downregulated. Left ventricular autophagy increased after TAC and was significantly higher in the p8-/- mice. Thus p8-deletion results in reduced collagen fibrosis after TAC, but in turn, is associated with a detrimental higher increase in autophagy. These findings suggest a role for p8 in regulating in vivo key signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure.

Role of SREBP-1 in the Development of Parasympathetic Dysfunction in the Hearts of Type 1 Diabetic Akita Mice

Rationale: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN), a major complication of diabetes mellitus, is characterized, in part, by impaired cardiac parasympathetic responsiveness. Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart involves activation of an acetylcholine-gated K+ current, IKAch, via a (GIRK1)2/(GIRK4)2 K+ channel. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) is a lipid-sensitive transcription factor. Objective: We describe a unique SREBP-1–dependent mechanism for insulin regulation of cardiac parasympathetic response in a mouse model for DAN. Methods and Results: Using implantable EKG transmitters, we demonstrated that compared with wild-type, Ins2Akita type I diabetic mice demonstrated a decrease in the negative chronotropic response to carbamylcholine characterized by a 2.4-fold decrease in the duration of bradycardia, a 52±8% decrease in atrial expression of GIRK1 (P<0.01), and a 31.3±2.1% decrease in SREBP-1 (P<0.05). Whole-cell patch-clamp studies of atrial myocytes from Akita mice exhibited a markedly decreased carbamylcholine stimulation of IKAch with a peak value of −181±31 pA/pF compared with −451±62 pA/pF (P<0.01) in cells from wild-type mice. Western blot analysis of extracts of Akita mice demonstrated that insulin treatment increased the expression of GIRK1, SREBP-1, and IKAch activity in atrial myocytes from these mice to levels in wild-type mice. Insulin treatment of cultured atrial myocytes stimulated GIRK1 expression 2.68±0.12-fold (P<0.01), which was reversed by overexpression of dominant negative SREBP-1. Finally, adenoviral expression of SREBP-1 in Akita atrial myocytes reversed the impaired IKAch to levels in cells from wild-type mice. Conclusions: These results support a unique molecular mechanism for insulin regulation of GIRK1 expression and parasympathetic response via SREBP-1, which might play a role in the pathogenesis of DAN in response to insulin deficiency in the diabetic heart.

Transforming Growth Factor β Regulates the Expression of the M2 Muscarinic Receptor in Atrial Myocytes via an Effect on RhoA and p190RhoGAP

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling is involved in the development and regulation of multiple organ systems and cellular signaling pathways. We recently demonstrated that TGFβ regulates the response of atrial myocytes to parasympathetic stimulation. Here, TGFβ1 is shown to inhibit expression of the M2 muscarinic receptor (M2), which plays a critical role in the parasympathetic response of the heart. This effect is mimicked by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of RhoA and by the RhoA kinase inhibitor Y27632, whereas adenoviral expression of a dominant activating-RhoA reverses TGFβ inhibition of M2 expression. TGFβ1 also mediates a decrease in GTP-bound RhoA and a reciprocal increase in the expression of the RhoA GTPase-activating protein, p190RhoGAP, whereas total RhoA is unchanged. Inhibition of M2 promoter activity by TGFβ1 is mimicked by overexpression of p190RhoGAP, whereas a dominant negative mutant of p190RhoGAP reverses this effect of TGFβ1. In contrast to atrial myocytes, in mink lung epithelial cells, in which TGFβ signaling through activation of RhoA has been previously identified, TGFβ1 stimulated an increase in GTP-bound RhoA in association with a reciprocal decrease in the expression of p190RhoGAP. Both effects demonstrated a similar dose dependence on TGFβ1. Thus TGFβ regulation of M2 muscarinic receptor expression is dependent on RhoA, and TGFβ regulation of p190RhoGAP expression may be a cell type-specific mechanism for TGFβ signaling through RhoA.

Deficiency of transcriptional regulator p8 induces autophagy and causes impaired cardiac function

Through autophagy cells adapt to nutrient availability, recycle cellular material and eliminate toxic proteins and damaged cellular organelles. Dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiomyopathies. The transcription factor FoxO3 activates autophagy by enhancing the expression of several genes. We find a role for the transcriptional regulator p8 in controling autophagy by repressing FoxO3 transcriptional activity. p8 silencing increases the association of FoxO3 with the bnip3 promoter, a known pro-autophagic FoxO3 target, and results in increasead basal autophagy and decreased cellular viability. Likewise, p8 overexpression inhibits Bnip3 upregulation after autophagy activation. Thus, p8 appears to antagonize the promotion of autophagy mediated by the FoxO3-Bnip3 axis. Consistent with this, bnip3 knockdown restores viability in p8-deficient cells. In vivo, hearts from p8-/- mice have higher basal autophagy and bnip3 levels. These mice develop left ventricular wall thinning and chamber dilation, with consequent impaired cardiac function.