Sergey Kascheev

Search a methane hydrate in the Arctic with photonics methods

Identifying methane anomalies responsible for the temperature increase, by hiking trails in the Arctic requires great human labor. It is necessary to use lidar methods for search and identification of methane from permafrost. Necessary to create a Raman lidar for monitoring of emissions of methane hydrate from the permafrost. Hyperspectral resolution would resolve the isotope shifts in the Stokes spectra, thereby to determine the isotopic composition of methane ratio C14/C12 CH4 carbon emissions and identify the source for study (permafrost or oil deposits)

Energy effective dual-pulse bispectral laser for EUV lithography

The power consumption in the two-pulse bispectral primary source could be substantially decreased by replacing the SRS converters from 1.06 μm into 10.6 μm wavelength as the preamplifier cascades in СО2 laser channel at the same efficiency radiation of EUV source. The creation of high volume manufacturing lithography facilities with the technological standard of 10-20 nm is related to the implementation of resist exposure modes with pulse repetition rate of 100 kHz. Low power consumption of the proposed scheme makes it promising for the creation of LPP EUV sources.

Lidar for monitoring methane emission in Siberian permafrost

Identifying methane anomalies responsible for the temperature increase, by hiking trails in the Arctic requires great human labor .According to the tentative forecast by the year 2100 Arctic permafrost will greatly deteriorate, which will have numerous consequences. Indeed, release of less than 0.1% of the organic carbon stored in the upper 100-meter permafrost level (approximately 10000 ppm of carbon in the СН4 form) can double concentration of atmospheric methane, which is roughly 20 times more potent greenhouse gas than the CO2. Necessary to create a Raman lidar for monitoring of emissions of methane hydrate from the permafrost.

Monitoring radioactive contamination by hyperspectral lidar

There are already significant amounts of hazardous radioactive substances in the world. It, potentially, leads to a major damage and contamination of large areas. Laser sensing can serve as a highly effective method of searching and monitoring of radioactive contamination. We developed a laser system to detect accidental leakage of radioactive materials. Methods of fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy allow to detect a concentration of uranyl U235O2 and U238O2 at 500 ppb, and Sr90 and Cs137 at the level of 1 ppm at 100 m distance from the object.

Hydrocarbon halo-laser spectroscopy for oil exploration needs

We developed a Raman lidar with ultraspectral resolution for automatic airborne monitoring of pipeline leaks and for oil and gas exploration. Test flights indicate that a sensitivity of 6 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for hydrogen sulfide has been reached for leakage detection.

Increasing the quality and germination gymnosperms by photonics methods

The research of seed sowing qualities demonstrates the considerable influence of laser irradiation on seeds of different species that are essential for the forestry of Russian Federation. For experiment, we used seeds of Spruce fir (Pícea ábies) and Siberian larch (Lárix sibírica). The seeds were exposed to radiation of the following wavelengths: 405 nm 500 mW, 450 nm 3000 mW, 532 nm 550 mW, 640 nm 1000 mW. The results show that laser exposure of seeds has positive impact on growth rate, technical germination ability, root formation, and more over on establishment and root formation while grafting. In experiments is obtained increasing germination by 15% and the germination time to 10%.

Laser anti-corrosion treatment of metal surfaces

Metal corrosion is the main problem of all metal constructions and buildings. Annual losses resulting from corrosion in industrialized countries are estimated in the range from 2% to 4 % of gross national product. We used a CW fiber laser with the wavelength of 1064 nm and a power up to 18,4 W for laser irradiation of metal surfaces. We report on the optimal treatment of the metal corrosion with laser power density in the range of 93,3÷ 95,5 W/cm2. After the process of laser treatment of steel surface we observe decreased roughness of steel and a small change in its chemical composition. There was an active research of new ways to improve the surface properties of metals and to increase the corrosion resistance. One of the breakthrough methods to protect the material against corrosion is laser treatment. We used a CW fiber laser operating at 1064 nm with up to 18,4 W output power. Experimentally, the samples (steel plates) were irradiated by laser for 35 seconds. Surface treatment of metal was provided at a room temperature and a relative air humidity of 55%. The impact of laser radiation on the surface has contributed to a small change of its chemical composition. It forms protective fluoride coating on the metal surface. The laser radiation significantly increased the concentration of fluorine in the metal from 0.01 atom. % to 5.24 atom. %. The surface roughness of steel has changed from 3.66 μ to 2.66 μ. Protective coatings with best resistance to corrosion were obtained with laser power density in a range of 93.3 W/cm2 to 95.5 W/cm2.

Highly accurate scanning attachment for SRS-lidar system

Implementation of hybrid scanning system in wide and narrow angle fields provide high precision positioning of the laser beam in space, fraught with difficulties. Scanning attachment for SRS - lidar system has been developed to perform automated scanning of the test area in the angular field of ± 50. The module performs automated scan of the test area in the angular field of ± 50 on 50-100 m distance. Movement of the laser beam in a spiral occurs due to rotation in one direction wedges with different speeds, which speed is in the range of 50-200 Hz. The laser beam had a divergence of 1.5 mrad. Because the spatial resolution at the outer coils falls compared with the center spiral wedges speeds ratio increases from 0.8 to 0.97, respectively.

Inactivation pathogenic microorganisms in water by laser methods

As a result of the research the following methods have been proposed for controlling harmful microorganisms: sterilization of water by laser radiation at wavelengths of 425 nm, 355 nm and 308 nm. The results of theoretical and experimental studies on the development and establishment of a system of ultraviolet disinfection of water for injection (UFOVI) intended for research sterilized water for injections. The pipe created a strong turbulent water flow. Performance irradiation laminar flow of 1.5 liters per second. Irradiation was carried out at three wavelengths 425 nm, 355 nm and 308 nm with energies semiconductor laser diode arrays to 4 MJ / cm3. Wavelength tuning implemented current in the range of 10 nm. For large capacities, we have developed a miniature solid state laser, which was used in fluid microorganisms inactivator. In the water treatment process breaks up to 98% of microbes, but can be left among pathogenic viruses destruction which requires special handling.

High-NA EUV projection lens with central obscuration

The lenses with coaxial mirrors allow obtain NA values up to of 0.8 and demagnification β ≥10. The larger β value leads to the mask cost reducing, as in this case, the elements of the IC pattern template can be made bigger and, therefore, with fewer defects. Сoaxial schemes can engender a problem of the image plane shift beyond the projection lens element boundaries near the wafer. The projection lens consisting of four coaxial mirrors with NA= 0.485 and s = 12 combined with the ”Vanguard” imaging subsystem have been designed. According to the computation the circuit features at 10 nm in center and 20 nm on the edge of 12.4 mm field of view can be imaged.