Sergio Díaz-Tendero

Mechanical Isolation of Highly Stable Antimonene under Ambient Conditions

Antimonene fabricated by mechanical exfoliation is highly stable under atmospheric conditions over periods of months and even when immersed in water. Density functional theory confirms the experiments and predicts an electronic gap of ≈1 eV. These results highlight the use of antimonene for optoelectronics applications.

Theoretical study of ionization potentials and dissociation energies of Cnq+ fullerenes (n=50–60, q=0, 1 and 2)

We have evaluated electronic energies of neutral, singly charged and doubly charged fullerenes with sizes n=50–60 using density functional (DFT) theory. For each value of the cluster charge, we have considered around 40 possible structures. We have found that, except for C522+, the most stable isomer always has the minimum possible number of C2 units between adjacent pentagons. We have evaluated adiabatic dissociation energies corresponding to the various dissociation channels leading to the emission of carbon dimers with different charges. Our findings for dissociation leading to C2 emission are in reasonable agreement with the latest experimental values. As a byproduct of our calculations, we have also evaluated the first and second adiabatic ionization potentials. Both dissociation energies and ionization potential are useful data to interpret fragmentation of fullerenes by impact of energetic photons, electrons and ions.

Arylsulfonylacetylenes as Alkynylating Reagents of C sp 2H Bonds Activated with Lithium Bases

Chameleon: a new strategy for the synthesis of a wide variety of alkynyl derivatives by the reaction of substituted arylsulfonylacetylenes with organolithium species is described. The high yields, the simplicity of the experimental procedure, the broad scope of this reaction, and the formation of C(sp)-C(sp2) bonds without using transition metals are the main features of this methodology.

Highly Enantioselective Construction of Tricyclic Derivatives by the Desymmetrization of Cyclohexadienones

The asymmetric synthesis of tricyclic compounds by the desymmetrization of cyclohexadienones is presented. The reaction tolerated a large variety of substituents at different positions of the cyclohexadienone, and heterocyclic rings of different sizes were accessible. Density functional theory calculations showed that the reaction proceeds through an asynchronous [4+2] cycloaddition.

Structure and electronic properties of highly charged C60 and C58 fullerenes

We present a theoretical study of the structure and electronic properties of positively charged C60(q+) and C58(q+) fullerenes (q = 0-14). Electronic energies and optimum geometries have been obtained using density-functional theory with the B3LYP functional for exchange and correlation. We have found that closed- and semiclosed-shell C60(q+) ions (q = 0, 5, and 10) preserve the original icosahedral symmetry of neutral C60. For other charges, significant distortions have been obtained. The C58(q+) fullerenes are, in general, less symmetric, being C58(8+) the closest to the spherical shape. Most C60(q+) fullerenes follow Hunds rule for spin multiplicity, while most C58(q+) fullerenes are more stable with the lowest spin multiplicity. The calculated ionization potentials for both kinds of fullerenes increase almost linearly with charge, except in the vicinity of C60(10+) and C58(8+). We have also explored the region of the potential-energy surface of C60(q+) that leads to asymmetric fission. Minima and transition states corresponding to the last steps of the fission process have been obtained. This has led us to conclude that, for 3 < or = q < or = 8, C2(+) emission is the preferred fragmentation channel, whereas, for higher q values, emission of two charged atomic fragments is more favorable. The corresponding fission barrier vanishes for q > 14.

Key Structural Motifs To Predict the Cage Topology in Endohedral Metallofullerenes

We show that the relative isomer stability of fullerene anions is essentially governed by a few simple structural motifs, requiring only the connectivity information between atoms. Relative energies of a large number of isomers of fullerene anions, C(2n)(q) (2n = 68-104; q = -2, -4, -6), can be satisfactorily reproduced by merely counting the numbers of seven kinds of hexagon-based motifs. The dependence of stability on these motifs varies with the charge state, which reflects the fact that the isomeric form of the carbon cage in endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) often differs from that in neutral empty fullerenes. The chemical origin of the stabilization differences between motifs is discussed on the basis of electronic and strain effects as well as aromaticity. On the basis of this simple model, the extraordinary abundance of the icosahedral C80 cage in EMFs can be easily understood. We also provide an explanation for why the well-known isolated pentagon rule is often violated in smaller EMFs. Finally, simple topological indices are proposed for quantitatively predicting the relative stability of fullerene anions, allowing a rapid determination of suitable hosting cages in EMFs by just counting three simple structural motifs.

Multiple ionization and hydrogen loss from neutral and positively-charged coronene.

In this work, we present a density functional theory study of the structure and stability of neutral and positively-charged coronene C24H12(q+). In particular, we have investigated (i) adiabatic and vertical ionization potentials up to charge q = 9, (ii) the corresponding infrared spectra, and (iii) dissociation energies and potential energy surfaces for several hydrogen loss channels: sequential H+H, H+H(+), H(+)+H, H(+)+H(+), and direct H2 and H2(+). We have found that the stability of positively-charged coronene is extremely high as a consequence of the molecules capability to redistribute the charge all over the structure. The computed dissociation energies and fragmentation barriers show that there is competition between different hydrogen loss channels and that the relative importance of these channels depends on the charge of the molecule. From a careful analysis of the potential energy surface we conclude that the channel with the lowest barrier corresponds to the loss of H2 from neutral, singly-, doubly-, and triply-charged coronene, H2(+) from quadruply-charged coronene and H(+)+H(+) from quintuply-charged coronene.

A Multicoincidence Study of Fragmentation Dynamics in Collision of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid with Low‐Energy Ions

Fragmentation of the γ-aminobutyric acid molecule (GABA, NH(2)(CH(2))(3)COOH) following collisions with slow O(6+) ions (v≈0.3 a.u.) was studied in the gas phase by a combined experimental and theoretical approach. In the experiments, a multicoincidence detection method was used to deduce the charge state of the GABA molecule before fragmentation. This is essential to unambiguously unravel the different fragmentation pathways. It was found that the molecular cations resulting from the collisions hardly survive the interaction and that the main dissociation channels correspond to formation of NH(2)CH(2)(+), HCNH(+), CH(2)CH(2)(+), and COOH(+) fragments. State-of-the-art quantum chemistry calculations allow different fragmentation mechanisms to be proposed from analysis of the relevant minima and transition states on the computed potential-energy surface. For example, the weak contribution at [M-18](+), where M is the mass of the parent ion, can be interpreted as resulting from H(2)O loss that follows molecular folding of the long carbon chain of the amino acid.

Cage connectivity and frontier π orbitals govern the relative stability of charged fullerene isomers

Fullerene anions and cations have unique structural, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties that make them substantially different from neutral fullerenes. Although much theoretical effort has been devoted to characterizing and predicting their properties, this has been limited to a fraction of isomeric forms, mostly for fullerene anions, and has practically ignored fullerene cations. Here we show that the concepts of cage connectivity and frontier π orbitals allow one to understand the relative stability of charged fullerene isomers without performing elaborate quantum chemistry calculations. The latter is not a trivial matter, as the number of possible isomers for a medium-sized fullerene is many more than 100,000. The model correctly predicts the structures observed experimentally and explains why the isolated pentagon rule is often violated for fullerene anions, but the opposite is found for fullerene cations. These predictions are relevant in fields as diverse as astrophysics, electrochemistry and supramolecular chemistry.

Relative Stability of Empty Exohedral Fullerenes: π Delocalization versus Strain and Steric Hindrance

Predicting and understanding the relative stability of exohedral fullerenes is an important aspect of fullerene chemistry, since the experimentally formed structures do not generally follow the rules that govern addition reactions or the making of pristine fullerenes. First-principles theoretical calculations are of limited applicability due to the large number of possible isomeric forms, for example, more than 50 billion for C60X8. Here we propose a simple model, exclusively based on topological arguments, that allows one to predict the relative stability of exohedral fullerenes without the need for electronic structure calculations or geometry optimizations. The model incorporates the effects of π delocalization, cage strain, and steric hindrance. We show that the subtle interplay between these three factors is responsible for (i) the formation of non-IPR (isolated pentagon rule) exohedral fullerenes in contrast with their pristine fullerene counterparts, (ii) the appearance of more pentagon-pentagon adjacencies than predicted by the PAPR (pentagon-adjacency penalty rule), (iii) the changes in regioisomer stability due to the chemical nature of the addends, and (iv) the variations in fullerene cage stability with the progressive addition of chemical species.