Sergio Ricardo Marques

Immunohistochemical expression of types I and III collagen antibodies in the temporomandibular joint disc of human foetuses.

The objective was to study the morphology of the articular disc and analyse the immunohistochemical expression of types I and III collagen markers in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc of human foetuses of different gestational ages. Twenty TMJ from human foetuses supplied by Universidade Federal de Uberaba with gestational ages from 17 to 24 weeks were studied. The gestational age of the foetuses was determined by measuring the crown-rump (CR) length. Macroscopically, the foetuses were fixed in 10% formalin solution and dissected by removing the skin and subcutaneous tissue and exposing the deep structures. Immunohistochemical markers of type I and III were used to characterize the existence of collagen fibres. Analysis of the immunohistochemical markers of types I and III collagen revealed the presence of heterotypical fibril networks.

Anatomía y Variaciones del Tronco Celíaco

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la anatomia del tronco celiaco a traves de sus diametro, longitud, origen y variacion de sus ramos. Fueron disecados 69 cadaveres fijados en formalina al 10% en los Laboratorios Anatomia de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Universidad Lusiadas de Santos y Universidad Santo Amaro (UNISA), Brasil y 20 cadaveres del Servicio de Verificacion de Obitos de la Universidad Sao Paulo (USP) y de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Brasil. Las disecciones de la region del tronco celiaco fueron realizadas despues de hacerlo con la cavidad peritoneal. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron llegar a las siguientes conclusiones: 1) La longitud media del tronco celiaco hasta su primera rama, la arteria gastrica izquierda y/o esplenica en 81 cadaveres fue de 1,23 cm en el sexo masculino y 1,18 cm en el femenino. Verificamos como primer ramo del tronco celiaco, la arteria gastrica izquierda en 55 (67,90%), arteria esplenica en dos (2.47%), ambas en seis (7,41%), y en 18 (22,22%), las tres arterias trifurcandose en la misma altura formando el triple de Haller. 2) La medida de la longitud del tronco celiaco hasta su ultimo ramo, la arteria hepatica comun y/o esplenica en 68 cadaveres, tuvo una longitud media de 1,74 cm en el sexo masculino y 1,74 cm en el femenino. Verificamos como ultimo ramo del tronco celiaco, la arteria hepatica comun en 13 (19,12%), la arteria esplenica en cuatro (5.88%), ambas en 33 (48,53%) y en 18 (22,22%), las tres arterias trifurcandose en la misma altura. 3) La medida del diametro del tronco celiaco en 77 cadaveres tuvo una mediana de 0.65 cm en el sexo masculino y 0,67 cm en el femenino. 4) La medida de la distancia entre el tronco celiaco y la arteria mesenterica superior en 76 cadaveres, tuvo una mediana de 0,72 cm en el sexo masculino y 0,74 cm en el femenino. 5) El tronco celiaco emitio las arterias gastrica izquierda, esplenica y

Origin of inferior phrenic arteries in the celiac trunk

El conocimiento de las variaciones anatomicas arteriales es de gran importancia para los diagnosticos clinico, radiologico y quirurgico. Con relacion a las arterias frenicas inferiores que irrigan el diafragma, se tiene conocimiento que estas presentan variaciones referentes a su origen. Disecamos la cavidad abdominal de 89 cadaveres adultos de ambos sexos, de los cuales 69 fueron fijados en solucion de formalina a 10%, y 20 no fijados. Los cadaveres fijados fueron disecados en los laboratorios de Anatomia de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo-UNIFESP, en la Universidad de Santo Amaro-UNISA, y en la Universidad Lusiadas de Santos, UNILUS. Los cadaveres no fijados fueron disecados en los Servicios de Verificacion de Obitos de la capital (USP y UNIFESP), Brasil. Se verifico la emision de arterias frenicas inferiores a partir del tronco celiaco y el lugar de origen de estas. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron la presencia de arterias frenicas inferiores en 31 (34.83%) de los 89 cadaveres. En los otros 58 (65.17%) el tronco celiaco no emitio tal ramo. Tambien se verifico en 19 (21.35%) de los 89 cadaveres, la arteria frenica inferior con origen en el contorno izquierdo del tronco celiaco, en 5 (5.62%) esta presentaba su origen en el contorno derecho y en 7 (7.86%) emitia dos arterias frenicas, mientras que 5 de estas se originaban separadamente de cada lado del tronco celiaco y 2 (2.25%) de un unico tronco. Estos resultados permiten considerar el origen de las arterias frenicas inferiores en el tronco celiaco como una variacion anatomica

Morphometric analysis of the internal auditory canal by computed tomography imaging.

Background Many clinical and experimental studies have been done to analyze the anatomical and functional aspects of the internal auditory canal (IAC) in human beings since there are great inter-individual variability and structural variations that may occur regarding the other adjacent structures. Objectives The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphology of the internal auditory canal (IAC) during development using high resolution computed tomography (CT) and to analyze its dimensions, which will be determined by measuring the nearby areas and structures using a system of digital image processing. Patients and Methods CT images of the IAC of 110 normal subjects aged 1 to 92 years (mean age, 46.5 years) of both genders were reviewed to determine the shape, area, opening width (OW), longitudinal length (LL), vertical diameter (VD) and distance from the vestibular aqueduct. Results The shapes observed in children and adults were funnel-shaped (74% and 58.3%, respectively), cylindrical (22% and 30.9%, respectively) and bud-shaped (4% and 10.8%, respectively). The measurements by CT in children were: area= 50.30 mm2, OW = 7.53 mm, length = 11.17 mm, VD = 4.82 mm and the distance between the IAC and the vestibular aqueduct (VA) = 12.63 mm. In adults, the measurements were: area = 44.64 mm2, OW = 7.10 mm, length = 9.84 mm, VD = 4.47 mm and the distance between IAC and VA = 11.17 mm. Conclusions CT images showed that the IAC has different shapes and when the measurements obtained for children were compared with those of adults, the parameters that presented statistically significant differences in either gender were length and diameter.

Morphological analysis of the vestibular aqueduct by computed tomographic images

Objective In the last 2 decades, advances in the computed tomography (CT) field revise the internal and medium ear evaluation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the morphology and morphometric aspects of the vestibular aqueduct on the basis of CT images. Materials and methods Computed tomographic images of vestibular aqueducts were acquired from patients ( n =110) with an age range of 1–92 years. Thereafter, from the vestibular aqueduct images, a morphometric analysis was performed. Through a computerized image processing system, the vestibular aqueduct measurements comprised of its area, external opening, length, and the distance from the vestibular aqueduct to the internal acoustic meatus. Results The morphology of the vestibular aqueduct may be funnel-shaped, filiform, or tubular, and the respective proportions were found to be at 44%, 33%, and 22% in children and 21.7%, 53.3%, and 25% in adults. The morphometric data showed to be of 4.86 mm 2 of area, 2.24 mm of the external opening, 4.73 mm of length, and 11.88 mm of the distance from the vestibular aqueduct to the internal acoustic meatus in children, and in adults, 4.93 mm 2 , 2.09 mm, 4.44 mm, and 11.35 mm, respectively. Conclusions Computed tomography showed that the vestibular aqueduct presents high morphological variability. The morphometric analysis showed that the differences found between groups of children and adults or between groups of both genders were not statistically significant.

Analysis by Light, Scanning, and Transmission Microscopy of the Intima Synovial of the Temporomandibular Joint of Human Fetuses during the Development.

Objective. To characterize morphologically and ultrastructurally using light microscopy, the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy the intima synovial of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of human fetuses between the 10th and the 38th week of development. Materials and Methods. The TMJ was dissected bilaterally in 37 human fetuses belonging to the Institute of Embryology of the University Complutense of Madrid and of the Federal University of São Paulo. Results. The outcome by light microscopy showed the morphology of the TMJ and that the formation of inferior joint cavity precedes the superior joint cavity and the presence of blood vessels in the synovial. Conclusion. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy we observed the presence of two well-defined cell types in the intima layer of synovial of the TMJ of human fetuses, macrophage-like type A cell and fibroblast-like type B cell, and the presence of the a third cell type, defined by the name of intermediate lining cell in the intima layer of the synovial.

ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF THE OCCIPITAL ARTERY: RELATE OF TWO CASES

Due to the great importance of the knowledge about variations occurring in the vascular system to surgeons and professionals who work with imaging, we describe in this article a variation of the origin of the occipital artery. 110 cadavers of male and female individuals had they carotid vascular tree in the region of the neck carefully dissected using loupe magnification and its origin and course were measured as well as a simple diameter. This artery usually branches off from the posterior part of the wall of the external carotid artery at the same level of the facial artery branching however, the two cases presented showed the occipital artery branching off very close to the carotid bifurcation, which characterize it as a trifurcation instead. The occipital artery branching off too close to the carotid bifurcation is a rarity as demonstrated by our results and the its literature is insufficient.

Relationship of the Celiac Trunk with Median Arcuate Ligament of the Diaphragm

En el presente trabajo se investigaron las posiciones del ligamento arqueado mediano con relacion al tronco celiaco, y las medidas de sobreposicion y distancia entre estas dos estructuras. Ademas, fueron realizadas medidas de algunas variables como la longitud y el diametro del tronco celiaco, estudios histologicos de los pilares del diafragma y de su ligamento arqueado mediano. Utilizamos 63 cadaveres fijados en solucion de formalina al 10% y 20 cadaveres no fijados, adultos, de ambos sexos. Las disecciones del area del tronco celiaco fueron realizadas despues de disecar la cavidad peritoneal, en los laboratorios de la Disciplinas de Anatomia de la UNIFESP-EPM, UNILUS y UNISA, y durante las necropsias en los Servicios de Verificacion de Obitos de la UNIFESP-EPM y USP, Brasil. Para el analisis morfologico, a nivel de microscopia de luz, de tres cadaveres no fijados escogidos al azar, fueron retirados fragmentos del ligamento arqueado mediano de 0.5 cm de alto por 1.5cm de largo. Luego fueron procesados segun tecnicas tradicionales de inclusion. Se efectuaron cortes de 5 µm, los cuales fueron tenidos con hematoxilina-eosina y tricromico de Masson. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron llegar a las siguientes conclusiones: 1) Las posiciones del ligamento arqueado mediano en el tronco celiaco fueron independientes del sexo. En 12 (14.46%) de 83 cadaveres, se pudo observar al tronco celiaco distante del ligamento arqueado. En 35 (42.17%) este ligamento era tangente al tronco celiaco y en 36 (43.37%) se sobreponia a este vaso. El promedio de la distancia entre el ligamento arqueado mediano y el tronco celiaco fue de 0.94 cm y la de sobreposicion 0.42 cm; 2) los resultados histologicos del analisis del ligamento arqueado mediano mostraron al tejido conjuntivo denso, infiltrado por celulas adiposas, vasos sanguineos y nervios. Fueron observadas fibras musculares estriadas, entremezcladas con fibras colagenas

The External Opening of the Cochlear Aqueduct in Infants and Adults

Objective: The purpose of the present study is the description of the shape and area of the cochlear aqueduct (CA) opening by means of molds obtained from infant and adult temporal bones. Material and Methods: Through molding techniques the evaluation was performed in 118 temporal bones of infants (5–60 months) and of adults (19–89 years), dimensions and shapes being evaluated through computerized image processing. Results and Conclusions: The data shows that the area of the opening is significantly smaller in children than in adults (7.32 ± 3.32 versus 18.48 ± 6.42 mm2). In infants, in 56% the shape of the opening was triangular; in adults triangularity was 100%. The variability in the shape and size of the CA opening in infants suggests adaptations of the CA opening during cranial growth.

An unusual case of accessory head of coracobrachialis muscle involving lateral cord of brachial plexus and its clinical significance

Knowledge of anatomical variations in the peripheral nervous system is key in the interpretation of unusual clinical signs or during physical or diagnostic imaging. This case study is a description of an anatomical variation between the coracobrachialis muscle and brachial plexus. In a routine dissection in the human anatomy laboratory, we were faced with an anatomical variation in the coracobrachialis muscle, observed in the upper right limb of a male cadaver. The coracobrachialis muscle had a common origin at the apex of the coracoid process and then divided into two heads. The lateral head followed its normal course until insertion into the middle third of the humerus, while the medial head involved the lateral cord of the brachial plexus before insertion into the intermuscular septum in the proximal third of the humerus. Atypical anatomical variations have clinical and surgical implications in procedures such as brachial plexus block and lateral cord compression. In these cases the result could be paralysis of the flexor musculature of the forearm and hypoesthesia of the forearm.