Setiyo Gunawan

Biodiesel production from rice bran oil and supercritical methanol.

In this study, production of biodiesel from low cost raw materials, such as rice bran and dewaxed-degummed rice bran oil (DDRBO), under supercritical condition was carried out. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was employed as co-solvent to decrease the supercritical temperature and pressure of methanol. The effects of different raw materials on the yield of biodiesel production were investigated. In situ transesterification of rice bran with supercritical methanol at 30MPa and 300 degrees C for 5 min was not a promising way to produce biodiesel because the purity and yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained were 52.52% and 51.28%, respectively. When DDRBO was reacted, the purity and yield were 89.25% and 94.84%, respectively. Trans-FAMEs, which constituted about 16% of biodiesel, were found. They were identified as methyl elaidate [trans-9], methyl linoleaidate [trans-9, trans-12], methyl linoleaidate [cis-9, trans-12], and methyl linoleaidate [trans-9, cis-12]. Hydrocarbons, which constituted about 3% of the reaction product, were also detected.

Biodiesel production from rice bran by a two-step in-situ process

The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by a two-step in-situ transesterification from two kinds of rice bran was investigated in this study. The method included an in-situ acid-catalyzed esterification followed by an in-situ base-catalyzed transesterification. Free fatty acids (FFAs) level was reduced to less than 1% for both rice bran A (initial FFAs content=3%) and rice bran B (initial FFAs content=30%) in the first step under the following conditions: 10 g rice bran, methanol to rice bran ratio 15 mL/g, H(2)SO(4) to rice bran mass ratio 0.18, 60 degrees C reaction temperature, 600 rpm stirring rate, 15 min reaction time. The organic phase of the first step product was collected and subjected to a second step reaction by adding 8 mL of 5N NaOH solution and allowing to react for 60 and 30 min for rice bran A and rice bran B, respectively. FAMEs yields of 96.8% and 97.4% were obtained for rice bran A and rice bran B, respectively, after this two-step in-situ reaction.

Vegetable Oil Deodorizer Distillate: Characterization, Utilization and Analysis

Depending on the sources, deodorizer distillates usually have significantly different characteristics, uses, and value. Soybean oil deodorizer distillate has been suggested as an alternative to marine animals as natural source of squalene and as a good raw material for the production of fatty acid steryl esters, tocopherols, free phytosterols and fatty acids. The aim of this review paper is to discuss the characteristics, uses, and value of vegetable oil deodorizer distillate (VODD), isolation and separation techniques of bioactive compounds from VODD, and analysis of VODD, as well as their future perspectives. The development of new separation techniques for isolating bioactive compounds and methods of analysis are highlighted and discussed.

A Simple Two-Step Method for Simultaneous Isolation of Tocopherols and Free Phytosterols from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate with High Purity and Recovery

Most of the methods reported for isolating phytosterols and tocopherols from soybean oil deodorization distillate (SODD) involved complicated steps or failed to obtain high content and recovery. In this study, we succeeded in isolating α-, δ-, γ-tocopherols, and free phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol) from SODD with high content and recovery. Our protocol involved a simple two-step method. SODD was separated into non-polar and polar fraction by modified soxhlet extraction. Cold saponification was chosen instead of conventional saponification which is carried out at a temperature no lower than 60°C. This study of cold saponification was applied to the polar fraction to remove free fatty acids and acylglycerols. SODD contains 9.13 ± 0.28% tocopherols and 9.75 ± 0.12% free phytosterols, was converted to a final product which contains 38.08 ± 0.36% tocopherols and 55.51 ± 0.56% free phytosterols. The total recovery of tocopherols and free phytosterols is 94 ± 0.19%.

Production of Ethanol as a Renewable Energy by Extractive Fermentation

One issue with batch fermentation is that product inhibition causes low yields and ethanol productivity. The objective of this study was to increase the yield and ethanol productivity via continuous fermentation in a packed bed bioreactor with both an integrated extraction process and recycling of the raffinate into the fermenter. Molasses was used as the feedstock, and the immobilized cells were supported by ĸ-carrageenan. This process used n-amyl alcohol, 1-octanol, and 1-dodecanol as solvents. The yield and ethanol productivity increased from 8.79% to 20.03% and 34.54 g/L·h to 118.16 g/L·h for experiments using n-amyl alcohol, 9.05% to 12.67% and 35.59 g/L·h to 74.71 g/L·h, for 1-dodecanol, 8.89% to 13.45% and 34.93 g/L·h to 84.62 g/L·h, for1-octanol by increasing recycle ratio from 0 to 0.5. Based on these results, n-amyl alcohol was the best solvent for the extractive fermentation process.

Separation of Nonpolar Lipid from Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate by Stirred Batch-Wise Silica Gel Adsorption-Desorption

Abstract In this study, the stirred batch-wise adsorption-desorption was employed to separate soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) into a nonpolar lipid fraction (NPLF) and a polar lipid fraction (PLF). Starting with SODD that contains 4.35% fatty acid steryl esters (FASEs), 1.92% squalene, 13.19% tocopherols, and 9.22% free phytosterols, it was possible to obtain NPLF enriched with FASEs (19.5%, recovery 96.93%) and squalene (9.15%, recovery 100%). The contents of FFAs, TAGs, tocopherols, and free phytosterols remained in the NPLF were 11.59%, 1.36%, 4.83%, and 1.45%, respectively. The batch extraction employed in this study yielded about the same degree of separation as compared to that of modified soxhlet extraction. However, the advantage of the method of this study is that it can be scaled-up easily.

Irresolvable complex mixture of hydrocarbons in soybean oil deodorizer distillate

Aliphatic hydrocarbons (HCs) can be used as a fingerprint of a given seed oil. Only by characterization of aliphatic HCs could contamination by mineral oil in that seed oil be confirmed. During the isolation of squalene from soybean oil deodorizer distillate, a significant amount of unknown HCs, ca. 44 wt%, was obtained. These seemingly-easy-to-identify HCs turned out to be much more difficult to elucidate due to the presence of an irresolvable complex mixture (ICM). The objective of this study was to purify and identify the unknown ICM of aliphatic HCs from soybean oil deodorizer distillate. Purification of the ICM was successfully achieved by using modified Soxhlet extraction, followed by modified preparative column chromatography, and finally by classical preparative column chromatography. FT-IR, TLC, elemental analysis, GC/FID, NMR and GC-MS analyses were then performed on the purified HCs. The GC chromatogram detected the presence of ICM peaks comprising two major peaks and a number of minor peaks. Validation methods such as IR and NMR justified that the unknowns are saturated HCs. This work succeeded in tentatively identifying the two major peaks in the ICM as cycloalkane derivatives.

Pra Desain Pabrik Margarin dari Kacang Tanah dengan Proses Hidrogenasi BErkapasitas 3856 Ton/Tahun

Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan perancangan pabrik margarin dari kacang tanah dengan proses hidrogenasi berkapasitas produk sebesar 3.856 ton/tahun, waktu operasi 24 jam dan 330 hari/tahun. Tujuan perancangan pabrik margarin ini adalah untuk memenuhi 5% dari total kebutuhan margarin dalam negeri. Pabrik margarin ini direncanakan akan didirikan di Kabupaten Tuban, Jawa Timur. Alasan pemilihan tempat ini adalah karena potensi bahan baku yang tersedia mampu memenuhi kebutuhan ketersediaan bahan baku kacang tanah untuk pabrik margarin, dekat dengan pasar, dan sarana-prasarana yg mendukung. Pembuatan margarin dari minyak kacang tanah ini dipilih proses hidrogenasi. Proses dalam pabrik ini terdiri dari 4 tahap utama yaitu tahap persiapan bahan baku, tahap pressing, pemurnian, hidrogenasi, dan emulsifikasi. Sumber dana investasi berasal dari modal sendiri sebesar 70% biaya investasi dan modal pinjaman sebesar 30% biaya investasi dengan bunga sebesar 10,25% per tahun. Dari analisa perhitungan ekonomi didapat hasil investasi Rp 139.24.579.000,00, dengan IRR 14,4 %, POT 6 tahun dan BEP 62,05 %.

Fatty acid fragmentation of triacylglycerol isolated from crude nyamplung oil

Nyamplung (Calophylluminophyllum) has many benefits ranging from roots, stems, leaves, until seeds. In this seed, C. inophyllum contained significantly high amount of crude oil (70.4%). C. inophyllum oil is known as non edible. Therefore Indonesian people generally only know that seeds can produce oil that can be used for biodiesel. In this work, the fragmentation of fatty acid in triacylglycerols (TAG) was studied. The isolation process was started with separation of non polar lipid fraction (NPLF) from crude C. inophyllum oil via batchwise multistage liquid extraction. TAG was obtained in high purity (99%) and was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). It was found that fatty acids of TAG are palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1c), linoleic acid (C18:2c), and linolenic acid (C18:3c). Moreover, TAG isolated from C. inophyllum oil was promising as edible oil.Nyamplung (Calophylluminophyllum) has many benefits ranging from roots, stems, leaves, until seeds. In this seed, C. inophyllum contained significantly high amount of crude oil (70.4%). C. inophyllum oil is known as non edible. Therefore Indonesian people generally only know that seeds can produce oil that can be used for biodiesel. In this work, the fragmentation of fatty acid in triacylglycerols (TAG) was studied. The isolation process was started with separation of non polar lipid fraction (NPLF) from crude C. inophyllum oil via batchwise multistage liquid extraction. TAG was obtained in high purity (99%) and was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). It was found that fatty acids of TAG are palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1c), linoleic acid (C18:2c), and linolenic acid (C18:3c). Moreover, TAG isolated from C. inophyllum oil was promising as edible oil.

Optimization of operating conditions for separation of non polar lipids fraction from soybean oil deodorizer distillate by regenerated silica gel

Silica gel type, polarity and composition of constituent compounds in SODD are important to determine the separation performance of modified soxhlet extraction. It was possible to use regenerated silica gel and achieve the same degree of separation as that obtained by fresh silica gel. The method is by optimizing operation conditions, such as regenerated silica gel to SODD mass ratio and extraction time, during modified soxhlet extraction. If fresh silica gel is used in modified soxhlet extraction, 100% squalene and 93% FASEs can be removed from SODD and concentrated in NPLF by using a silica gel to SODD mass ratio of 3 and an extraction time of 12 h. It was found that the same degree of separation could be achieved by using a silica gel to SODD mass ratio of 5 and extraction time of 60 h when using the 1st regenerated silica gel. On the other hand, when using the 2nd regenerated silica gel, in order to achieve the same degree of separation as that of using fresh silica gel, a silica gel to SODD mass rati...