Seungduk Lee

Cerebral hemodynamic responses to seizure in the mouse brain: simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy–electroencephalography study

We applied near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) simultaneously on the mouse brain and investigated the hemodynamic response to epileptic episodes under pharmacologically driven seizure. gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) were applied to induce absence and tonic-clonic seizures, respectively. The epileptic episodes were identified from the single-channel EEG, and the corresponding hemodynamic changes in different regions of the brain were characterized by multichannel frequency-domain NIRS. Our results are the following: (i) the oxyhemoglobin level increases in the case of GBL-treated mice but not 4-AP-treated mice compared to the predrug state; (ii) the dominant response to each absence seizure is a decrease in deoxyhemolobin; (iii) the phase shift between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin reduces in GBL-treated mice but no 4-AP-treated mice; and (iv) the spatial correlation of hemodynamics increased significantly in 4-AP-treated mice but not in GBL-treated mice. Our results shows that spatiotemporal tracking of cerebral hemodynamics using NIRS can be successfully applied to the mouse brain in conjunction with electrophysiological recording, which will support the study of molecular, cellular, and network origin of neurovascular coupling in vivo.

Hemodynamic Responses of Rat Brain Measured by Near-infrared Spectroscopy During Various Whisker Stimulations

NIRS (Near-infrared spectroscopy) is a relatively, new, non-invasive, and non-ionizing method of measuring hemodynamic responses in thick biological tissues such as the cerebral cortex. In this study, we measured the hemodynamic responses of the rat barrel cortex to whisker stimulation by using a frequency-domain NIRS system. We designed multiple optical probes comprising multi-mode optical fibers and manipulating arms, both of which can be easily applied to small animals. Various electrical stimulations were applied to rat whiskers at different voltage levels and stimulation frequencies. Our results show that the hemodynamic responses are highly dependent on the stimulation voltage level, and not so much on stimulation frequency. This paper suggests that NIRS technology is highly suitable for the study of small animal brains.

Depth-dependent cerebral hemodynamic responses following Direct Cortical Electrical Stimulation (DCES) revealed by in vivo dual-optical imaging techniques

We studied depth-dependent cerebral hemodynamic responses of rat brain following direct cortical electrical stimulation (DCES) in vivo with optical recording of intrinsic signal (ORIS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). ORIS is used to visualize the immediate hemodynamic changes in cortical areas following the stimulation, whereas NIRS measures the hemodynamic changes originating from subcortical areas. We found strong hemodynamic changes in relation to DCES both in ORIS and NIRS data. In particular, the signals originating from cortical areas exhibited a tri-phasic response, whereas those originating from subcortical regions exhibited multi-phasic responses. In addition, NIRS signals from two different sets of source-detector separation were compared and analyzed to investigate the causality of perfusion, which demonstrated downstream propagation, indicating that the upper brain region reacted faster than the deep region.

Partial Least Squares-discriminant Analysis for the Prediction of Hemodynamic Changes Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Using continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy, we measured time-resolved concentration changes of oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin from the primary motor cortex following finger tapping tasks. These data were processed using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to develop a prediction model for a brain-computer interface. The tasks were composed of a series of finger tapping for 15 sec and relaxation for 45 sec. The location of the motor cortex was confirmed by the anti-phasic behavior of the oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin changes. The results were compared with those obtained using the hidden Markov model (HMM) which has been known to produce the best prediction model. Our data imply that PLS-DA makes better judgments in determining the onset of the events than HMM.

Analysis of RBC damage using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) during femtosecond laser optical trapping

We monitored cell viability and damage under femtosecond laser irradiation using aser weezers Raman pectroscopy (LTRS) which is becoming a powerful tool for the analysis of biological materials. Femtosecond lasers are more frequently used as a light source for optical tweezers since they enable nonlinear optical phenomena such as two-photon absorption or second harmonic generation trapping. Femtosecond laser optical trapping similar to thee CW laser optical trapping except that optical damage can be easily induced due to extremely high peak power of femtosecond pulses. We monitored the Raman signal changes as a marker for optical damage. We used red blood cell (RBC) as a target sample and first used the CW laser beams to trap the RBC from the bottom of the chamber. After the trapped RBC is moved to a desired depth, we switched the laser mode to mode-locked mode and monitored the Raman signals as a function of the laser irradiation time. It was observed that the Raman shift at 1543 cm-1 may be a good marker for optical damage both for CW and femtosecond laser trapping.

A Simultaneous NIRS-EEG Study of Seizure in the Mouse Brain

We measured hemodynamic responses of seizure in the mouse brain using frequency-domain near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electroencephalogram (EEG). We adapted microfabricated optical holder for consistent contact of the optical fiber to the mouse brain. Our results show that the cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics of mice can be stably monitored with EEG in the mouse brain.