Shahnawaz Hamid

Daily energy intake seen in obese Kashmiri population and compare the same with Recommended dietary allowances as per ICMR guidelines

AIM: Daily energy intake seen in obese Kashmiris aged 18-45 years and compare the same for Recommended dietary allowances of Indians as per ICMR guidelines Materials and Methods: Multistage and multiphasic sampling technique was utilized in this study based on WHO classification of obesity according to BMI of 18-45 years of age. Each household was visited and only the subjects having age of 18-45 years were included in this study and this comprised of 5107 subjects, then identified obese cases with the help of height and weight techniques.Only those people who had simple obesity were included in the study. All the obese respondents were asked to report all foods and beverages consumed over the previous 24 hour time period (midnight to midnight). For accuracy, respondents were first asked to recall all food items in an uninterrupted manner, and then specific probes for the types of foods, preparation ingredients, and the amount were verified for the food items mentioned.The portion sizes were converted into grams before the data entry, and the energy intake was compared with the recommended dietary allowances for Indians by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 2009 .An unquantified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to assess the usual dietary intake over a week period to minimize the effect of day- to-day variation in dietary intake . The data was collected and analyzed statistically.RESULTS: Among obese males,if life style is sedentary the requirement was 2320 kcal/day & deviation seen is+ 207kcal/day.For moderate work ,requirement is 2730kcal/day & deviation was + 243kcal/day & for heavy work, requirement is 3490 kcal/day and the deviation seen was + 282 kcal/day.Among obese females, if life style is sedentary the requirement was 1900 kcal/day & deviation seen is+ 337kcal/day.For moderate work ,requirement is 2230kcal/day & deviation was + 171kcal/day & for heavy work, requirement is 2850 kcal/day and the deviation seen was + 249 kcal/day.CONCLUSION: As populations become more urban and incomes rise, diets high in sugar, fat and animal products replace more traditional diets that were high in complex carbohydrates and fibre. Unique traditional food habits are being replaced by westernized fast foods, soft drinks and increased meat consumption. Homogenizations and westernization of the global diet has increased the energy density.

Pattern of Hearing Loss from Otological Trauma due to Non-Explosive Blast Injury Caused by Slap to the Ear in Kashmiri Population

The aim of this study is to determine the pattern of hearing loss in otological trauma due to non-explosive trauma caused by slap in Kashmiri population. The study was conducted in otolaryngology clinic of a referral and a teaching tertiary care hospital Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Medical College, Bemina, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, where 569 cases with non-explosive blast injury of the ear due to slap, gathered over a 3-year period, is presented. 522 Patients fulfill the inclusion criteria and 47 cases were excluded. All the selected cases underwent otological examination by clinical examination followed by otoscopic examination, PTA (Pure Tone Audiometry) and Impedance audiometry as required. Tympanic membrane perforation was identified and hearing loss was recorded. The frequency of CHL (Conductive Hearing Loss) and MHL (Mixed Hearing Loss) has been found to be 415 cases (79.5%) and 107 cases (20.5%) respectively. The severity of conductive hearing loss correlated with the size of the eardrum perforation. Male patients were more (68.008%) as compared to females (31.992%). Left ear was more commonly involved (72.16%) than right ear (28.74%). The age ranged from 10-60 years with a mean age of 26.3 years. All the patients demonstrated acute perforation of the ear drum that was confined solely to pars tensa. Anterior perforation occurred in 65 patients (12.46%) while posterior perforation occurred in 152 patients (29.12%). About (58.42%) i.e. 305 of the perforations involve adjacent portion of both anterior and posterior halves of tympanic membrane. Closure of air-bone gap following healing was significant p<0.01 while recovery of BC abnormality was less favorable. The most common cause of hearing loss was due to slap by spouses (among females) and slap by security personnel (among males), followed by fight among students. So, there is the need to educate on alternative punitive measure among students and security agents, early identification, evaluation and referral of patients reduces the attendant morbidity.