Shahnaz Khan

Zina and the moral regulation of Pakistani women

abstractFrom 1998 to 1999, I interviewed women who had been incarcerated under the Zina Ordinance (zina means illicit sex) in Pakistan. This led me to an examination of womens moral regulation by their families, a process in which I maintain the state is complicit. I argue against relativist explanations of this process, which view Pakistani culture or notions of timeless Islam as the reason for womens incarceration. Instead, I examine the interconnection of morality with the legal/judicial structures, the relationship between the state and patriarchy within families, and the plight of impoverished women in Pakistan within an era of globalization. In my analysis, I link economic development and human rights to globalization and the continuing costs of militarization. Such connections allow feminists to target the structural conditions that sustain the laws in Pakistan and help create an environment that will bring about the repeal of the laws while contributing to trans-national feminist solidarity.

recovering the past in Jodhaa Akbar: masculinities, femininities and cultural politics in Bombay cinema

As the dominant media institution in South Asia, Bombay cinemas cultural production of narratives, images and spectacle plays a crucial role in the effort to consolidate and project definitions of the nation. Moreover, such images are exported to the South Asian diaspora worldwide as part of the processes associated with the globalized cultural product referred to as Bollywood. This discussion examines the production and reception of the 2008 film Jodhaa Akbar both as process and product of complex historical, cultural and political nation-building projects in which gender plays a central role.

Reading Fanaa: Confrontational views, comforting identifications and undeniable pleasures

This investigation draws upon my earlier analysis of the Bombay blockbuster Fanaa (Khan ‘Nationalism’), transnational responses to Fanaa posted on an internet blog and on interviews with South Asian and Somali Muslims in Windsor and Mississauga, Ontario, two areas with substantial multiracial populations. I argue that although Fanaas narrative strategies risk reinforcing stereotypes, they also initiate conversations about escalating tensions regarding citizenship and belonging among South Asians. The film emerges as a popular cultural text which allows transnational bloggers to use the anonymity of cyberspace and articulate hugely confrontational views, something they may do not in person. Moreover, as Canadian respondents view the film, it complicates the trauma of separation and dislocation which South Asian minorities, like other racialized peoples, face in Canada. Further, the respondents rework the limited repertoire of Fanaa in ways that involve ways of seeing which both confirm and challenge the Orientalist gaze as they re-imagine community in everyday practices and resistances.

What is in a Name? Khwaja Sara, Hijra and Eunuchs in Pakistan

This discussion draws upon research conducted in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad in 2014 with approximately 30 members of trans*1 communities and examines the historical and contemporary politics of naming and its consequences in British India and contemporary Pakistan. I maintain that the colonial state’s view of these communities coincided with regional reformist attempts to curtail their presence in British India. Their marginalised status was challenged in Pakistan2 in 2009, however, when the Supreme Court of the country gave these communities political recognition. Changes in their status, however, I argue, do not give trans* individuals full status as citizens of Pakistan. Instead, the state circumvents existing laws such as Section 377 and the Zina Ordinance to give them status as eunuchs with diseased bodies. While the state appears to direct its agencies to bring into the mainstream individuals identified through the sexually ambiguous category of eunuch, the various naming processes have resulted in the entry of individuals with alternative forms of sexualities into the public space where they demand recognition as legal citizens of Pakistan.