Shang-Ho Tsai

MAI-Free MC-CDMA Systems Based on Hadamard–Walsh Codes

It is known that multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) systems suffer from multiaccess interference (MAI) when the channel is frequency-selective fading. In this paper, we propose a Hadamard-Walsh code-based MC-CDMA system that achieves zero MAI over a frequency-selective fading channel. In particular, we will use appropriately chosen subsets of Hadamard-Walsh code as codewords. For a multipath channel of length L, we partition a Hadamard-Walsh code of size N into G subsets, where G is a power of two with GgesL. We will show that the N/G codewords in any of the G subsets yields an MAI-free system. That is, the number of MAI-free users for each codeword subset is N/G. Furthermore, the system has the additional advantage that it is robust to carrier frequency offset (CFO) in a multipath environment. It is also shown that the MAI-free property allows us to estimate the channel of each user separately and the system can perform channel estimation much more easily. Owing to the MAI-free property, every user can enjoy a channel diversity gain of order L to improve the bit error performance. Finally, we discuss a code priority scheme for a heavily loaded system. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed code and code priority schemes

An EM-based joint maximum likelihood estimation of carrier frequency offset and channel for uplink OFDMA systems

A maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) based on expectation maximization (EM) method is presented to jointly estimate the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and the channel of each user in uplink OFDMA systems. The proposed MLE distinguishes itself from existing methods by its applicability to any arbitrary carrier assignment schemes. The proposed MLE achieves high computational efficiency by transforming a multidimensional maximization problem into a number of substantially smaller separate maximization problems. Computer experiments have been conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed estimators in estimation accuracy and robustness against the near-far effect.

Power Allocation for Artificial-Noise Secure MIMO Precoding Systems

This paper investigates the power allocation problem for artificial noise (AN) secure precoding systems, and proposes closed-form solutions for maximizing the achievable secrecy rate. It is assumed that the transmitter knows the full channel information at the legitimate receiver, and knows only the statistics of the channel information at the eavesdropper. Lower bounds are derived for the secrecy rates in multiple-input single-output channels with single or multiple eavesdroppers and multiple-input multiple-output channels with multiple eavesdroppers. When the number of transmit antennas is sufficiently large, the bounds are tight, and closed-form solutions can be derived from these bounds. The analytical results suggest simple and yet informative solutions as follows: Let the numbers of receive antennas at the legitimate receiver and at the eavesdropper be Nr and Nr,e, respectively. The system should distribute Nr,e/(Nr+Nr,e) of the power to AN in the high SNR regime, and distribute zero power to AN in the low SNR regime; the rate loss due to the eavesdropper is -Nr log(Nr/(Nr+Nr,e))-Nr,e log(Nr,e/(Nr+Nr,e)) bits/sec/Hz in the high SNR regime and nearly negligible in the low SNR regime. The derived results also show that equal power and water-filling power allocations lead to similar solutions and rate loss. Simulation results corroborate the theoretical results.

Performance Analysis and Algorithm Designs for Transmit Antenna Selection in Linearly Precoded Multiuser MIMO Systems

This paper investigates transmit antenna selection for linearly precoded multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems. First, in some precoded single-user MIMO systems, using all transmit antennas does not always lead to the best performance due to ill-conditioned channel matrices. This condition motivates us to investigate whether a similar result can be obtained in MU-MIMO systems. Based on the derived analytical results, we found that, for a given number of transmit antennas, decreasing the number of active transmit antennas [number of radio frequency (RF) units] always degrades system performance in the linearly precoded MU-MIMO systems. However, in practical systems, RF units are expensive. To reduce the hardware cost, antenna selection is usually used to reduce the number of RF units. Thus, we further analyze the performance loss due to transmit antenna selection (TAS). These analytical results provide good design references for using TAS in practical systems. Moreover, based on the analytical results, we proposed several simple TAS algorithms for linearly precoded MU-MIMO systems. Complexity analysis and simulation results show that the computational complexity of the proposed algorithms can significantly be reduced, whereas the performance is still comparable with the optimal selection scheme. As a result, the analyzed results enable us to better understand how TAS affects the MU-MIMO systems. In addition, the proposed algorithms make TAS more feasible to be used in practical systems.

An approximately MAI-free multiaccess OFDM system in carrier frequency offset environment

The carrier frequency offset (CFO) effect of a new multiaccess orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transceiver is analyzed. We show that multiaccess interference (MAI) due to CFO can be mitigated by choosing a proper set of orthogonal codes. That is, if we use M/2 symmetric or antisymmetric codewords of the M Hadamard-Walsh codewords, MAI can be greatly reduced to a negligible amount. The new OFDM system has been shown to be approximately MAI-free when there is no CFO. The new result developed here shows that the system continues to be approximately MAI-free even in the presence of CFO. Furthermore, we derive a close form for the reduced MAI, which reveals an interesting property of the system. That is, when the number of users increases, the reduced MAI and the inter carrier interference (ICI) due to self-CFO will decrease. Finally, it is demonstrated by simulation that the proposed OFDM scheme with proper code selection outperforms the OFDMA and the multicarrier code division multiplexing access (MC-CDMA) systems in a CFO environment.

Ultrawideband Transceiver Design Using Channel Phase Precoding

A novel transceiver design for ultrawideband (UWB) communication systems using the channel phase precoding (CPP) technique is proposed in this work. With the CPP-UWB transceiver, we encode data symbols using the reversed order of the channel phase. A simple phase estimation algorithm is presented for the CPP-UWB implementation. Owing to its ability to coherently combine the channel magnitude of every multipath, the CPP-UWB transceiver can achieve a higher data rate by shortening its symbol duration with a tolerable interference. The performance of the CPP-UWB can be further improved using an optimal code length and/or the MMSE receiver to suppress intersymbol interference.

Equal Gain Transmission with Antenna Selection in MIMO Communications

The beamforming vectors of an equal gain transmission (EGT) contains phase information only and thereby enjoys several implementational advantages when compared to the optimal scheme, i.e. maximum ratio transmission (MRT). The implementational advantages make EGT a promising solution for simple transceiver design while offering a performance comparable to that of MRT. This solution motivates us to explore how close the performance can be between EGT and MRT. The maximum SNR loss between EGT and MRT is known to be 1.05 dB in MISO channels. However, little is known about the SNR loss in MIMO channels, since no closed-form solution is available for the best EGT in MIMO channels. In this work, a suboptimal closed-form EGT design for MIMO channels is proposed and its performance is analyzed. Interestingly, the maximum SNR loss between the proposed EGT and the MRT (both employing MRC in receiver) in MIMO channels is shown to be approximately 1.05 dB as well. Moreover, instead of applying conventional all transmit antennas, this study proposes to adopt antenna selection, to further improve the performance of EGT. Two antenna selection algorithms are proposed and the corresponding performance is analyzed. When the proposed antenna selection algorithms are applied to EGT, the SNR loss between EGT and MRT can be reduced to as low as 0.45-0.65 dB, with the numbers of transmit antennas ranging from 4 to 8. One of the proposals with fixed number of transmit antennas not only outperforms conventional EGT but also requires fewer number of RF (radio frequency) components; also, it employs constant power in each transmit antenna like EGT does. As a result, hardware complexity can be reduced by this proposal. Furthermore, design strategies to apply the proposed EGT and antenna selection algorithms in systems with limited feedback are also suggested.

Design and analysis of channel-phase-precoded ultra wideband (CPPUWB) systems

A new indoor data communication scheme called the channel phase preceded ultra wideband (CPPUWB) system is proposed in this work. The proposed CPPUWB system is efficient in computational power saving by encoding the transmit symbol with a channelized codeword. The channelized codeword is determined by the channel phase information that is estimated at the receiver and then fed back to the transmitter. A method to estimate the channel phase information using training symbols is presented. For a given number of training symbols, we derive a lower bound for the average output SNR, which can be used to evaluate the system performance. Finally, an MMSE receiver is proposed to suppress the residual intersymbol interference (ISI) for the high data rate scenario

Simplified Multiaccess Interference Reduction for MC-CDMA With Carrier Frequency Offsets

Multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) system performance can severely be degraded by multiaccess interference (MAI) due to the carrier frequency offset (CFO). We argue that MAI can more easily be reduced by employing complex carrier interferometry (CI) codes. We consider the scenario with spread gain N, multipath length L, and N users, i.e., a fully loaded system. It is proved that, when CI codes are used, each user only needs to combat 2(L - 1) (rather than N - 1) interferers, even in the presence of CFO. It is shown that this property of MC-CDMA with CI codes in a CFO channel can be exploited to simplify three multiuser detectors, namely, parallel interference cancellation (PIC), maximum-likelihood, and decorrelating multiuser detectors. The bit-error probability (BEP) for MC-CDMA with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation and single-stage PIC and an upper bound for the minimum error probability are derived. Finally, simulation results are given to corroborate theoretical results.

Optimization of transceivers with bit allocation to maximize bit rate for MIMO transmission

There have been many results on designing transceivers for MIMO channels. In early results, the transceiver is designed for a given bit allocation. In this paper we will jointly design the transceiver and bit allocation for maximizing bit rate. By using a high bit rate assumption, we will see that the optimal transceiver and bit allocation can be obtained in a closed form using simple Hadamard inequality and the Poincare separation theorem. In the simulation, we will demonstrate the usefulness of the joint design. Simulation results, in which a high bit rate assumption is not used in allocating bits, show that a higher bit rate can be achieved compared to previously reported methods.