Shanhui Fan

Optical coherence tomography for whole eye segment imaging

We proposed a dual focus dual channel spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for simultaneous imaging of the whole eye segments from cornea to the retina. By using dual channels the system solved the problem of limited imaging depth of SD-OCT. By using dual focus the system solved the problem of simultaneous light focusing on the anterior segment of the eye and the retina. Dual focusing was achieved by adjusting the collimating lenses so the divergence of the two probing beams was tuned to make them focused at different depth in the eye. We further achieved full range complex (FRC) SD-OCT in one channel to increase the depth range for anterior segment imaging. The system was successfully tested by imaging a human eye in vivo.

Noninvasive Imaging and Measurement of Accommodation Using Dual-Channel SD-OCT

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the feasibility and practicality of real-time noninvasive imaging and measurement of ocular accommodation (0–5D with one diopter step) using dual-channel, dual-focus spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Materials and Methods: A custom-built, dual-channel, dual-focus SD-OCT was used to image the anterior segment, including the cornea, iris, and anterior and posterior lens surfaces. Three consecutive measurements were taken in each accommodative session for each subject. Changes in ocular dimensions during accommodation were calculated based on the acquired SD-OCT images. A Friedman test was used to test sensitivity of ocular dimension changes per diopter of accommodation. Results: With accommodation, anterior chamber depth (ACD), curvature radius of both anterior (RAL) and posterior (RPL) lens surfaces, and pupil diameter (PD) decreased significantly, whereas lens thickness (LT) increased significantly (p < 0.05, Friedman test). Ocular dimensions tended to change according to the increasing of accommodative stimulus, as did a backward movement of the posterior lens surface. Conclusions: SD-OCT, via extended imaging depth through a dual-channel, dual-focus approach, is a feasible and practical modality for noninvasive imaging and measurement of ocular accommodation.

Dual band dual focus optical coherence tomography for imaging the whole eye segment

We developed an improved dual band dual focus spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for in vivo 2D/3D imaging of the whole eye segment, including the whole anterior segment and retina. The system featured two OCT channels with two different bands centered at 840 nm and 1050 nm, which were designed to image the retina and the anterior segments of the eye, respectively. By combing the two probe light beams for co-axial scanning and separating them for focusing at different segments of the eye with a combination of three dichroic mirrors, we not only minimized the loss of the backscattered light from the sample but also improved the imaging depth, scan range and resolution. The full resolved complex (FRC) method was applied to double the imaging depth for the whole anterior segment imaging, with which an imaging depth of 36.71 mm in air was achieved. We demonstrated that this system was capable of measuring the dynamic changes of ocular dimensions, including the asphericity of the cornea and lens, during accommodation.

Synergistic efficacy of salicylic acid with a penetration enhancer on human skin monitored by OCT and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

Salicylic acid (SA) has been frequently used as a facial chemical peeling agent (FCPA) in various cosmetics for facial rejuvenation and dermatological treatments in the clinic. However, there is a tradeoff between therapeutic effectiveness and possible adverse effects caused by this agent for cosmetologists. To optimize the cosmetic efficacy with minimal concentration, we proposed a chemical permeation enhancer (CPE) azone to synergistically work with SA on human skin in vivo. The optical properties of human skin after being treated with SA alone and SA combined with azone (SA@azone) were successively investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Our results revealed that as the SA concentration increased, the light reflectance decreased and the absorption increased. We also found that SA@azone exhibited a synergistic effect on enhancing light penetration and OCT imaging depth. We demonstrated that the combination of DRS and OCT techniques could be used as a noninvasive, rapid and accurate measurement method to monitor the subtle changes of skin tissue after treatment with FCPA and CPE. The approach will greatly benefit the development of clinical cosmetic surgery, dermatosis diagnosis and therapeutic effect inspection in related biomedical studies.

Accommodation-induced variations in retinal thickness measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Abstract. To research retinal stretching or distortion with accommodation, accommodation-induced changes in retinal thickness (RT) in the macular area were investigated in a population of young adults (n=23) by using a dual-channel spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system manufactured in-house for this study. This dual-channel SD-OCT is capable of imaging the cornea and retina simultaneously with an imaging speed of 24 kHz A-line scan rate, which can provide the anatomical dimensions of the eye, including the RT and axial length. Thus, the modification of the RT with accommodation can be calculated. A significant decrease in the RT (13.50±1.25  μm) was observed during maximum accommodation. In the 4  mm×4  mm macular area centered at the fovea, we did not find a significant quadrant-dependent difference in retinal volume change, which indicates that neither retinal stretching nor distortion was quadrant-dependent during accommodation. We speculate that the changes in RT with maximum accommodation resulted from accommodation-induced ciliary muscle contractions.

OCT imaging enhancement of ovarian cancer using gold and gold/silver nanorods

For OCT imaging, enhancing contrast efficiency will lead to significant improvements in the detection limits in cancer. Recently, noble metal nanoparticles are considered to be better contrast agents than traditional ones, especially for gold and silver. Silver nanoparticles have more attractive optical properties than gold nanoparticles. But they are employed far less because of its poor chemical stability. In this paper, we introduced our recent progress on a new application of using gold/silver alloy nanoparticles as OCT contrast agents in the detection of ovarian cancer. The scattering properties and sensitivity of silver were investigated. By means of tuning LSPR wavelengths of the nanoparticles, they were able to match the central wavelength of light used in OCT. Before carrying out animal experiments, we evaluated the different performances of alloy nanoparticles and gold nanorods in vitro. It has been sufficiently demonstrated that the alloy nanoparticles revealed stronger OCT signals than gold nanorods because of the better scattering properties. Then in vivo study, we compared the contrast enhancement of gold/silver alloy nanoparticles and gold nanorods on the ovarian cancer model mice. This study contributes a new kind of contrast agent in OCT imaging, which has a profound effect on drug delivery and further therapeutic action.

Whole Eye Segment Imaging and Measurement With Dual-Channel Spectral-Domain OCT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To image and measure whole eye segments using dual-channel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to compare the results with those from the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty eyes of 20 volunteers were recruited. Ocular dimensions, including cornea thickness, anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness, anterior lens surface curvature, and axial length (AL), were calculated. The reproducibility of SD-OCT measurements, statistical significance of inter-instrument difference, correlation, and agreement were evaluated. RESULTS No significant differences were found between independent SD-OCT measurements (P > .05). The ACD and AL measured with IOLMaster were significantly shorter than those from SD-OCT (P < .001). There were high correlations and agreements in ACD (r = 0.994; 95% limits of agreement [LOA], 0.131-0.223 mm) and AL (r = 0.998; 95% LOA, 0.678-0.853 mm) between the two methods. CONCLUSION Dual-channel SD-OCT was demonstrated to have good repeatability in imaging and measuring whole eye segments. The results had high correlations and agreements with those from the IOLMaster.

Dual illumination OCT at 1050nm and 840nm for whole eye segment imaging

We presented an improved dual channel dual focus spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with two illuminations at 840 nm and 1050 nm for whole eye segment imaging and biometry in vivo. The two light beams were coupled and optically optimized to scan the anterior and posterior segment of the eye simultaneously. This configuration with dichroic mirrors integrated in the sample arm enables us to acquire images from the anterior segment and retina effectively with minimum loss of sample signal. In addition, the full resolved complex (FRC) method was applied to double the imaging depth for the whole anterior segment imaging by eliminating the mirror image. The axial resolution for 1050 nm and 840 nm OCT was 14 μm and 8 μm in air, respectively. Finally, the system was successfully tested in imaging the unaccommodated and accommodated eyes. The preliminary results demonstrated the significant improvements comparing with our previous dual channel SD-OCT configuration in which the two probing beams had the same central wavelength of 840 nm.