Sharmaine McKiernan

Transcranial colour-coded duplex of the intracranial large arteries: Transcranial colour-coded duplex

Transcranial colour‐coded duplex (TCCD) is a non‐invasive ultrasound technique that assesses blood flow within the large arteries of the circle of Willis. In the clinical sonography world, it can be considered a relatively recent technique that is useful to assess cerebral haemodynamics in a variety of conditions. This article covers the anatomy of the circle of Willis, TCCD scanning and information on some common pathologies TCCD may be used to assess. It is important the sonographer is aware of TCCD imaging and of the intricacies involved in the technique.

Sonography of the ankle: The lateral ankle and ankle sprains: Lateral ankle sonography

Ankle sprains can be considered a relatively common injury particularly from sports injuries. While a sprain is generally a benign injury, symptoms can persist and lead to long‐term disability and instability. This article includes an overview of the lateral ankle including ligament and tendon anatomy, scanning technique and information on the common sprains the sonographer may encounter. It is important that sonographers are familiar with the lateral ankle anatomy and potential injuries and how complicated an ankle sprain can be.

The content of a training package in diagnostic ultrasound for physiotherapists

In recent years, the use of diagnostic ultrasound has expanded into the physiotherapy profession; however, training in the use of the modality is limited. It is widely accepted that ultrasound imaging is a user‐dependent modality, so without training, physiotherapists are likely to struggle with its use within their profession. The purpose of this study is to report on the content of a training package for physiotherapists in diagnostic ultrasound.

Early diagnosis of primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: Can imaging contribute?

Abstract Adhesive capsulitis is a frequently presenting shoulder disorder in musculoskeletal medicine. It is recognized as consisting of three stages, and is often difficult to diagnose in its early stage and differentiate from other shoulder disorders. Treatment of this disorder has been proposed to be dependant on the stage, with early treatment suggested to decrease the overall morbidity. Arguably therefore, recognition in this early stage is desirable. The purpose of this paper is to review the current evidence that may support the role of imaging facilitating a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis and to discuss this in relation to the contemporary understanding of the pathology of this disorder. The emerging role of Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory arthropathies is discussed, and in particular its potential to contribute to the early diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis. While the diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis is presently largely based on clinical examination, this review outlines the current and future role that radiology may be able to contribute to the clinical presentation.