Shashi Shankar Tiwari

Acaricidal properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts against organophosphate and pyrethroids resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Indian cattle ticks have developed resistance to commonly used acaricides and an attempt has been made to formulate an ecofriendly herbal preparation for the control of acaricide resistant ticks. A 95% ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis was used to test the efficacy against reference acaricide resistant lines by in vitro assay. In in vitro assay, the extract significantly affects the mortality rate of ticks in dose-dependent manner ranging from 35.0 ± 5.0 to 95.0 ± 5.0% with an additional effect on reproductive physiology of ticks by inhibiting 36.4-63.1% of oviposition. The leaf extract was found effective in killing 48.0, 56.7 and 60.0% diazinon, deltamethrin and multi-acaricide resistant ticks, respectively. However, the cidal and oviposition limiting properties of the extract were separated when the extract was fractionated with hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. The HPTLC finger printing profile of R. communis leaf extract under λ(max.) - 254 showed presence of quercetin, gallic acid, flavone and kaempferol which seemed to have synergistic acaricidal action. In vivo experiment resulted in 59.9% efficacy on Ist challenge, however, following 2nd challenge the efficacy was reduced to 48.5%. The results indicated that the 95% ethanolic leaf extract of R. communis can be used effectively in integrated format for the control of acaricide resistant ticks.

TLC densitometric quantification of picrosides (picroside-I and picroside-II) in Picrorhiza kurroa and its substitute Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora and their antioxidant studies

Picroside-I and picroside-II are known bioactive metabolites in Picrorhiza species. In the present study a simple, precise method has been established for the simultaneous determination of picrosides (picroside-I and picroside-II) in two different Picrorhiza species, P. kurroa and P. scrophulariiflora. This method was also validated for accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection and quantification, repeatability and recovery, according to International Conference of Harmonization guidelines. Separation and quantification was achieved by HPTLC using as the mobile phase chloroform-methanol (88:12, v/v) on precoated silica gel 60F(254) aluminum plates. Densitometric determination was carried out at wavelength λ(max) 254 nm in UV absorbance mode. Comparative study also revealed that picroside-I and picroside-II are higher in P. scrophulariiflora than P. kurroa. Picroside-I content was found to be 1.258 and 1.611%, and picroside-II was estimated as 0.481 and 0.613% in P. kurroa and P. scrophulariiflora, respectively. Antioxidant potential of these two Picrorhiza species was also studied using DPPH. At a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL the scavenging activities of P. kurroa and P. scrophulariiflora were found to 37.70 and 34.30%, respectively.

HPTLC METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF VALERENIC ACID IN AYURVEDIC DRUG JATAMANSI AND ITS SUBSTITUTES

Objective of the present study was quantification of valerenic acid in rhizome of three plant species which is generally traded under the name of Jatamansi. A simple, rapid, cost-effective and accurate high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed for quantification of valerenic acid in Valeriana jatamansi, Nardostachys jatamansi, and Selinum vaginatum, which is one of the stable compounds and designated as a key marker compound. Separation and quantification of valerenic acid was achieved by HPTLC using ternary mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (80:20:5 v/v/v) on precoated silica gel 60F254 aluminum plate and densitometric determination was carried out in λ280 absorption-reflectance UV mode by deuterium lamp.

ISOLATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF VANILLIN THROUGH FLASH & HPTLC CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES FROM DECALEPIS HAMILTONII WIGHT AND ARN ROOT AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES

Decalepis hamiltonii Wight and Arn (family: Asclepiadaceae) roots are widely used in folk and traditional medicine in India. In the present study, we isolated vanillin through flash chromatography, and performed quantification and validation through HPTLC in the root of D. hamiltonii. The developed method was also validated for accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ), repeatability, and recovery according to ICH guidelines. Separation and quantification was achieved using toluene:ethyl acetate (9.0:1.0 v/v) as a binary mobile phase on precoated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum plates on HPTLC. The HPTLC densitometry was carried out at a wavelength of 254 nm in the absorption-reflectance mode. The antioxidant potential of D. hamiltonii root sample was also studied by the 2,2-Diphenyl-2-picryllhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Aqueous plant extract showed 54.67% radical scavenging ability at 0.1 mg/mL concentration.

Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume Corm

Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Blume (Araceae) is commonly known as Elephant foot yam. Corms are used in India in curries and pickles and are ascribed in vitiated conditions of vata and kapha, arthralgia, elephantiasis, tumours, inflammations, haemorrhages, vomiting, cough, bronchitis, asthma, anorexia, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic constipation, helminthiasis hepatopathy, splenopathy, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, seminal weakness, fatigue, anaemia and general debility. The present communication deals with the detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of the corm sample using light microscopy, WHO recommended physico-chemical determinations and phytochemical procedures. The physico-chemical, morphological and histological parameters presented in this paper may be proposed as parameters to establish the authenticity of A. campanulatus corms. A detailed nutritional analysis has also been carried out for quantitative evaluation of active nutrient components to determine calorific value for edible usage. HPTLC analysis showed the presence of β-sitosterol as marker compound in different extracts and fractions.

Comparative Botanical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Medicinally Important Stem Bark of Ficus species

Abstract Objective To evaluate the pharmacognostical comparison (Botanical study, physicochemical parameters, HPTLC analysis) in stem barks of four Ficus species (family-Moraceae) viz. F. religiosa L, F. glomerata Roxb, F. retusa auct. & F. carica . Methods Estimation of Phytochemical markers viz: β-sitosterol and lupeol was quantified by HPTLC method and antioxidant studies by carried by DPPH method. Results HPTLC method showed considerable amount of variation with two reference standard viz: β-sitosterol and lupeol content in stem bark of F. religiosa , F. glomerata, F. retusa & F. carica and it were found 0.084, 0.041, 0.059 & 0.131 and 0.020, 0.043, 0.069 & 0.049 respectively. The antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of stem bark of F. religiosa , F. retusa , F. glomerata & F. carica were found 46.86%, 42.56%, 31.25% & 25.63% at 0.1mg/mL concentration. Conclusion The present work was taken up with a view to lay down standards which will contribute significantly to quality control of these medicinally useful Ficus species. It also provides suitable criteria to differentiate the stem barks of four Ficus species.

In vitro acaricidal properties of Semecarpus anacardium fruit and Datura stramonium leaf extracts against acaricide susceptible (IVRI-I line) and resistant (IVRI-V line) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.

In an attempt to identify plants having anti-tick properties, the 95% ethanolic and 50% hydro-ethanolic extracts of the fruits of Semecarpus anacardium and leaves of Datura stramonium were evaluated against reference tick lines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The 95% ethanolic extracts of S. anacardium and D. stramonium caused 50% and 20% mortality, respectively, within 72 h of treatment by adult immersion test. The LC90 value of the ethanolic fruit extract of S. anacardium was determined as 13.5% (CI 12.05-15.12). The extract was also found efficacious (73.3%±3.3%) against the multi-acaricide-resistant IVRI-V line of R.(B.) microplus. The S. anacardium extract significantly affected the reproductive physiology of treated ticks by inhibiting the oviposition and was found safe. The HPTLC fingerprinting profile revealed the presence of pyrocatechol as a marker compound. The acaricidal property of S. anacardium against chemical acaricide-resistant R. (B.) microplus was discussed.

QUANTIFICATION OF PROTODIOSCIN AND PROTOTRIBESTIN IN FRUITS OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS L. COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT PHYTO-GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES OF INDIA

Fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. are known for its medicinal and dietary application in the traditional medicine of India and other parts of the World. Protodioscin and Prototribestin are steroidal saponins notably found in the T. terrestris. The aim of the present study is to quantify protodioscin and prototribestin in fruits of T. terrestris collected from different phytogeographical zones of India to check the chemotaxonomic variation, if any, through HPTLC using ternary mobile phase of n butanol:glacial acetic acid:water (80:06:20, v/v/v) on precoated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum plates. Analytical studies showed considerable variations of Protodioscin and Prototribestin content in T. terrestris fruits, and it was observed that maximum percentage of Protodioscin (0.317%) found in samples from Western Ghat of India and maximum percentage of Prototribestin (0.636%) found in sample growing in the Arid zone of India.