Shawn Bugden

Benign neglect of therminal eggs in herring gulls

Terminal-egg neglect arises in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) when parents begin to feed and brood the first two (a-, b-) newly hatched young, thereby disrupting incubation of the third (c-) egg. Mean temperature of pipped c-eggs dropped to 33.4?C, significantly below that of the pipped a(37.6?C) and b(36.6?C) eggs. Experimental manipulation of neglect by placement of pipped c-eggs at chronologically earlier nests showed that both hatchability and time to hatch were unaffected by natural levels of neglect. Laboratory incubation confirmed that chilling pipped eggs to 33?C does not affect hatching. Further chilling to 30?C lowered hatchability and increased hatching times. Development was arrested at 27?C. Although Herring Gulls clearly neglected terminal eggs during the final stages of incubation, it was entirely benign in that mean embryonic temperatures were maintained above levels that would cause damage. Last-hatched eggs in this species are evidently well-adapted, physiologically, to withstand chilling down to at least 33?C, thereby enabling them to maintain full viability despite moderate levels of neglect during the hatching period.

Cost of shingles: population based burden of disease analysis of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia

BackgroundAround 30% of the population will experience herpes zoster (HZ), 10% of whom develop postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Together, these illnesses produce a significant economic burden to the healthcare system.MethodsAdministrative healthcare data collected over the period of April 1st 1997 to March 31st 2014 were analyzed to determine the healthcare system burden of HZ using direct medical costs. Episodes of HZ were identified using international classification of disease (ICD) codes. Trends in age-adjusted (AA) HZ-rates were analyzed by piecewise-regression. Total annual and per-episode costs were determined for drug treatment, medical care, and hospitalizations within each year.ResultsThe incidence of HZ increased by 49.5% from 1997/98 to 2013/14. Piecewise-regression of AA-rates revealed a steady AA-rate of 4.7 episodes/1000 person-years (PY) from 1997/98 to a breakpoint in 2008/09, after which rates began to increase reaching 5.7 episodes/1000 PY in 2013/14.Drug costs rose significantly (p <0.03) from

Occurrence of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes during isotretinoin therapy

89.77/episode (95% CI:

Safety of fentanyl initiation according to past opioid exposure among patients newly prescribed fentanyl patches

82.96,

Ventricular tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death with domperidone use in Parkinson's disease

96.59) to

Psychotropic Drug Use before, during, and after Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study in a Canadian Cohort (2001-2013):

127.34/episode (95% CI:

Opportunity Cost and Policy: A Utilization Review of Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose in Manitoba, Canada

117.24,

Price of pain: population-based cohort burden of disease analysis of medication cost of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia.

137.44). Medical costs increased (p <0.0001) from

The effectiveness and limitations of regulatory warnings for the safe prescribing of citalopram.

57.98/episode (95% CI;

An evaluation of early medication use for COPD: a population-based cohort study

55.26,