Sheila Ariana Xavier

Sensitivity of Corynespora cassiicola from soybean to carbendazim and prothioconazole

The incidence of target spot disease on soybean has increased in recent years in Brazil even with intensive use of fungicides, and fungal resistance has been reported in recent studies. The objective of this study was to determine the fungicide sensitivity to carbendazim and prothioconazole in a sample of 24 isolates of Corynespora cassiicola from soybean collected from 1996 to 2011 in the states of Parana, Mato Grosso and Sao Paulo ( Brazil) and Corpus Christi (Paraguay). The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values were estimated by the relative mycelium growth reduction on fungicide-amended medium with the doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 µg of active ingredient/ mL. For carbendazim, four highly resistant isolates (EC50>50 µg/mL) were observed from samples collected from Mato Grosso in 2008 and from Parana and Mato Grosso in 2011. The EC50 values for prothioconazole ranged from 0.47 µg/mL to 26.44 µg/mL (mean: 5.02 µg/ ml). The results reinforce the occurrence of C. cassiicola resistance to benzimidazole in Parana and Mato Grosso states.

Validação de escala diagramática para estimativa de desfolha provocada pela ferrugemasiática em soja

This study aimed to evaluate the precision and accuracy of evaluators using diagrammatic scale to estimate defoliation caused by diseases in soybean. The scale had six levels of severity of defoliation (5, 15, 45, 65, 85 and 100%). The images used for evaluation were obtained in plots attacked by Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), presenting different levels of defoliation. The validation was performed by ten evaluators, comparing estimated data with the actual data of the area coverage leaf, obtained by processing images in Paint Shop Pro 4 software, and Adobe Photoshop 7.0. The evaluators presented tendency to underestimate the defoliation in the lower levels of severity and overestimate the defoliation in high levels of severity, when the scale was not used. The accuracy and precision of the evaluators increased with the use of the scale diagrammatic.

Chemical control and responses of susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars to the progress of soybean rust

This work compared development of soybean rust (SR) on the susceptible cultivar BRS 133 and on the resistant line CB06-953/963 (Rpp4 gene) following different fungicide treatments applied in different developmental stages. The assessed variables were percent plant defoliation, coefficient of damage (CD) and economic threshold level (ETL), the latter two calculated from disease severity ratings and yield. Experiments were conducted in the field during the 2006-2007 growing season with one sowing date (Experiment I) and in 2007-2008 with two sowing dates (Experiments II and III). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with ten treatments and four replications. Overall, the Rpp4 gene in the resistant line was effective in reducing development of SR in all three experiments. The values of CD and ETL were higher for the resistant line than for the susceptible cultivar. The resistant line needed 13.3 days longer than the susceptible cultivar to reach the ETL in Experiment II. Fungicide applications were more effective in protecting yield and minimizing defoliation in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant line. Under high inoculum pressure (Experiment III), three and four fungicide sprays applied during the season resulted in significantly higher yields (P<0.05) in both soybean genotypes compared with the untreated controls. Late season fungicide applications reduced rust severity and increased the yield of the resistant cultivar.

Variação da sensibilidade de populações de Phakopsora pachyrhizi a fungicidas inibidores da desmetilação no Brasil

During 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11 growing seasons, the sensitivity of the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi to the fungicides tebuconazole, cyproconazole metconazole and prothioconazole (demethylation inhibitors, DMIs) was monitored. Detached soybean leaves were treated with those fungicides at concentrations varying from zero to 32 mg L-1 (tebuconazole, cyproconazole and metconazole) and from zero to 8 mg L-1(prothioconazole) and were inoculated with P. pachyrhizi spores collected from different Brazilian soybean producing regions. Inoculated leaves were incubated in Petri plates containing moistened paper towel at 23° C ± 2° C, and the disease severity was estimated at 15 days after inoculation. The effective concentrations to reduce the disease severity by 50% (EC50) were estimated. The fungicide prothioconazole presented the highest intrinsic activity and its EC50 ranged from 0.000001 mg L-1 to 0.39 mg L-1. EC50 values ranged from 0.001 mg L-1 to 1.49 mg L-1 for tebuconazole, 0.001 mg L-1 to 3.27 mg L-1 for cyproconazole and 0.004 mg L-1 to 3.89 mg L-1 for metconazole. EC50medians of all tested fungicides were lower than 0.5 mg L-1 in the three growing seasons. The correlations (r) among the EC50 values of the four fungicides were significant (p<0.05), indicating cross-resistance among the products. The EC50 variation in the monitoring shows coexistence of populations with different levels of sensitivity to DMIs in the field.

Fotossíntese de folhas de soja infectadas por Corynespora cassiicola e Erysiphe diffusa

A estimativa visual da severidade de doencas em plantas nem sempre se correlaciona com o efeito desta sobre a atividade fotossintetica do hospedeiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interferencia dos fungos Corynespora cassiicola e Erysiphe diffusa, causadores da mancha-alvo e do oidio na cultura da soja, respectivamente, na eficiencia fotossintetica de folhas infectadas. A fotossintese foi relacionada com a area foliar doente por meio da equacao Px/ Po=(1-x)β. Os parâmetros β (± erro padrao) estimados foram 2,78 (± 0,28) (p 1) indica que houve reducao da eficiencia fotossintetica no tecido lesionado e em parte do tecido verde remanescente, enquanto que os valores obtidos para E. diffusa (β≤1) indicam que a estimativa visual da severidade da doenca e um bom indicador do efeito do fungo na taxa fotossintetica do hospedeiro.

Managing soybean rust with fungicides and varieties of the early/semi-early and intermediate maturity groups

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of soybean cultivar of two maturity groups, early/semi-early (E) or intermediate (I), on the management of Asian soybean rust (ASR) with fungicides and yield. Field trials were conducted during the 2006/07 and 2007/08 growing seasons. Seven cultivars of the two groups were tested in the first season and eight in the second season. All cultivars had plots that were treated (T) or non-treated (NT) with a commercial mixture of pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole. ASR severity (%) was visually assessed several times during the crop cycle and yield (kg ha-1) was determined at harvest. Values of the standardized area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculated from the severity assessments was higher in 2007/08 than in 2006/07, but no differences were found between cultivars of the E and I maturity groups. Differences in yield between between T and NT plots were lower in cultivars of the E group than those of the I group in both the 2006/07 (37.6% and 52.8% respectively) and the 2007/08 season (56.9% and 85.0%, respectively). A higher stability in yield was found for cultivars of the E maturity group compared to those of the I group.