Shengfa Liu

Distribution of major and trace elements in surface sediments of Hangzhou Bay in China

The Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer was used to analyze sediment samples collected from the Hangzhou Bay to determine major and trace elemental concentrations. Based on these concentrations, the study area can be classified into three geochemical provinces. Province I covers the northern Hangzhou Bay area and contains high concentrations of Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, K2O, MnO, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Co and Zn. Province III is located in the western Hangzhou Bay, near the Qiantang River mouth, and contains high concentrations of SiO2, Na2O, P2O5, TiO2, Cr, Sr, Zr. Province II is located in the middle and eastern Hangzhou Bay, with the medium concentrations of major and trace elements. The results also demonstrate that the grain size is the dominating factor controlling the spatial variations of elemental concentrations, and the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) and Qiantang River sediments play an important role in the distribution of these elements. Anthropogenic impact on heavy metal concentrations (especially Cr, Sr and Zr) can be detected in the surface sediments near the Qiantang River mouth.

Magnetostratigraphy of a greigite-bearing core from the South Yellow Sea: Implications for remagnetization and sedimentation

Sediments from the continental shelf are sensitive to sea level, climatic changes, and local tectonic history. In this study, we carried out a high-resolution magnetostratigraphic investigation on the longest core (NHH01, 125.64 m) recovered from the South Yellow Sea (SYS). An abnormal interval dominated by negative inclinations was discovered by applying alternating field demagnetization (AFD) on samples from a greigite-bearing layer (44.90–51.80 m). In contrast, the inclinations of most greigite-bearing samples changed from negative to positive when heated to ~360°C. This strongly indicates that this inclination anomaly revealed by the AFD alone is not a true negative subchron. After neglecting the effects of greigite-bearing layers, the straightforward correlation of the interpreted magnetostratigraphy defines the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary (781 ka) and the Jaramillo top (990 ka) at 68.64 m and 101.54 m, respectively. The linearly extrapolated basal age of the core is ~1.10 Ma. In addition, several short-lived inclination anomalies can be tentatively assigned to magnetic excursions, which indicates that the sedimentation could be continuous even at the millennial time scale at depth intervals bracketing these fast geomagnetic events. Moreover, the excellent correspondence between clay content variations of the core and the marine oxygen isotope record indicates the potential of clay content as a paleoclimatic proxy in the studied region in the past ~1 Ma. In brief, our study provides not only a robust age model in the SYS but also a methodological guide for paleomagnetic studies in continental shelf region.

Sources and mass inventory of sedimentary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Thailand: Implications for pathways and energy structure in SE Asia

Surface sediments obtained from a matrix of 92 sample sites in the Gulf of Thailand (GOT) were analyzed for a comprehensive study of the distribution, sources, and mass inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to assess their input pathways and impacts of the regional land-based energy structure on the deposition of PAHs on the adjacent continental margins. The concentration of 16 PAHs in the GOT ranged from 2.6 to 78.1ng/g (dry weight), and the mean concentration was 19.4±15.1ng/g. The spatial distribution pattern of 16 PAH was generally consistent with that of sediment grain size, suggesting the influence of regional hydrodynamic conditions. Correlation and principal component analysis of the PAHs indicated that direct land-based inputs were dominantly responsible for the occurrence of PAHs in the upper GOT and the low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs in the coastal region could be from petrogenic sources. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model apportioned five contributors: petroleum residues (~44%), biomass burning (~13%), vehicular emissions (~11%), coal combustion (~6%), and air-water exchange (~25%). Gas absorption may be a significant external input pathway for the volatile PAHs in the open GOT, which further implies that atmospheric loading could be important for the sink of PAHs in the open sea of the Southeast Asia (SE Asia). The different PAH source patterns obtained and a significant disparity of PAH mass inventory in the sediments along the East and Southeast Asia continental margins can be ascribed mainly to different land-based PAH emission features under the varied regional energy structure in addition to the depositional environment and climatic conditions.

Sedimentary facies of the subaqueous Changjiang River delta since the late Pleistocene

The sedimentary facies of the subaqueous Changjiang (Yangtze) River delta since the late Pleistocene was studied based on lithology and foraminifera analysis for two boreholes, CJK07 and CJK11, along with 14C dating. Four sedimentary facies were identified, namely fluvial, tidal flat, offshore, and prodelta facies. The fluvial sedimentary facies is comprised of fluvial channel lag deposits, fluvial point bar deposits, and floodplain deposits, showing a fining-upward sequence in general with no benthic foraminifera. A layer of stiff clay overlies the fluvial deposits in core CJK07, indicating a long-term exposure environment during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During the postglacial sea-level rise around 13-7.5 cal ka BP, the tidal flat facies was deposited in core CJK11, characterized by abundant silt-clay couplets. Euryhaline species dominate the subtidal flat foraminiferal assemblages, while almost no foraminifera was found in the intertidal flat. The offshore environment was the major sedimentary environment when the sea level reached its highest level around 7.5 cal ka BP, with a maximum accumulation rate of 10 mm/a found in core CJK11. Prodelta sediments have been deposited in core CJK11 since ∼3 cal ka BP, after the formation of the Changjiang River delta. The difference in sedimentary facies between core CJK07 and CJK11 is due to their location: core CJK07 was in an interfluve while core CJK11 was in an incised valley during the LGM. Furthermore, AMS 14 C dating of core CJK07 shows poor chronological order, indicating that the sediments were reworked by strong tidal currents and that sediment deposited since ∼7.7 cal ka BP in core CJK07 was eroded away by modern hydrodynamic forces caused by the southward shift of the Changjiang River delta depocenter.

Concentration distribution and assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the western Gulf of Thailand

AbstractHeavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, As), grain size, pH, Eh, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen of 157 surface sediments from the western Gulf of Thailand (GoT) were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution pattern, constraint factors, and pollution status of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the western GoT. The relationships of the heavy metals with sediment composition, pH, reduction/oxidation conditions, and total organic materials were evaluated by statistical analysis. Sediment compositions were the main factors controlling the concentrations of heavy metals as reported in many previous studies, while the hydrodynamic conditions, in particular the seasonal eddies, were an important factor controlling their distribution. Both sediment enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index were used to assess heavy metal accumulation. Only As reached the light contamination level near the upper GoT and the coastal area close to the Songkhla Province, due primarily to anthropogenic activities.

Hainan mantle plume produced late Cenozoic basaltic rocks in Thailand, Southeast Asia.

Intraplate volcanism initiated shortly after the cessation of Cenozoic seafloor spreading in the South China Sea (SCS) region, but the full extent of its influence on the Indochina block has not been well constrained. Here we present major and trace element data and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope ratios of late Cenozoic basaltic lavas from the Khorat plateau and some volcanic centers in the Paleozoic Sukhothai arc terrane in Thailand. These volcanic rocks are mainly trachybasalts and basaltic trachyandesites. Trace element patterns and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions show that these alkaline volcanic lavas exhibit oceanic island basalt (OIB)-like characteristics with enrichments in both large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). Their mantle source is a mixture between a depleted Indian MORB-type mantle and an enriched mantle type 2 (EMII). We suggest that the post-spreading intraplate volcanism in the SCS region was induced by a Hainan mantle plume which spread westwards to the Paleozoic Sukhothai arc terrane.

THE COLOR REFLECTANCE FEATURES OF THE SEDIMENTS IN MUD AREA ON THE INNER SHELF OF THE EAST CHINA SEA AND ITS PALEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS FOR RECENT 2 ka: THE COLOR REFLECTANCE FEATURES OF THE SEDIMENTS IN MUD AREA ON THE INNER SHELF OF THE EAST CHINA SEA AND ITS PALEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS FOR RECENT 2 ka

A climatic proxy system is constructed on the basis of the color reflectance data of the core MZ01 using first derivative and factors analysis method,and a high-resolution climatic sequence is established with the support of AMS14C dating data for the past 2 ka.900AD is the key turning-point in the course of climate evolution.Climate became significantly cold with high-frequency but low amplitude temperature fluctuation right after 900AD.In the past 2 ka,the climate in East China has experienced four stages including a cold stage before 580AD,a warm stage between 580 and 900AD,a temperature fluctuation stage between 900 and 1460AD and a cold stage between 1460 and 1880AD.Each stage includes some secondary regional or global temperature fluctuations.

Holocene abrupt climate fluctuations: Sedimentary record from the inner-shelf mud area of the East China Sea

Sediment core MZ02 from the inner-shelf mud area of the East China Sea was studied to address paleoclimate and marine environment change during the Holocene epoch. This core was analyzed for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating, grain size, magnetic susceptibility, geochemical index (Al/Ti, Ba/Ti), oxygen isotope, and Mg/Ca ratio of benthic for a minifera. Three significant climate change events were identified, which occurred at 8.4, 7.2 and 6.2 ka BP, respectively. The sediments are characteristic of the period, with coarse grain size and smaller Mg/Ca and δ 18O values. The study revealed that the characteristics of abrupt climate fluctuation were consistent with monsoon and paleoceanographic records of the adjacent land and tropical Pacific. There are century solar cycles in the sedimentary record. The 200-year cycle is the most significant, suggesting that solar activity was the major cause of rapid climate change in the research area during the Holocene.

Major and trace element geochemistry of the mid-Bay of Bengal surface sediments: implications for provenance

The major and trace elements in 110 surface sediment samples collected from the middle of the Bay of Bengal (mid-Bay of Bengal) are analyzed to investigate provenance. Si levels are highest, followed by Al, and the distributions of these two elements are identical. The average CIA* (chemical index of alteration) value is 72.07, indicating that the degree of weathering of the sediments in the study area is intermediate between those of sediments of the Himalayan and Indian rivers. Factor analyses and discrimination function analyses imply that the two main provenances are the Himalayan and the Indian continent. The inverse model calculation of the Ti-normalized element ratios of the Bay of Bengal sediments indicate an estimated average contribution of 83.5% and 16.5% from the Himalayan and peninsular Indian rivers to the study area, respectively. The Himalayan source contributes more sediment to the eastern part of the study area, whereas the western part receives more sediment from the Indian Peninsula than did the eastern part. The primary mechanisms for deposition of sediments in the study area are the transport of Himalayan matter by turbidity currents and river-diluted water and the transport of Indian matter to the study area by a surface circulation in the Bay of Bengal, particularly the East India Coastal Current.