Shi-Qiong Yang

Synthesis and Anti‐HIV Activity of Aryl‐2‐[(4‐cyanophenyl)amino]‐4‐pyrimidinone hydrazones as Potent Non‐nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

A series of novel diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) with a ketone hydrazone substituent on the methylene linker between the pyrimidine nucleus and the aryl moiety at the C‐4 position were synthesized, and their antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 in MT‐4 cells was evaluated. Most compounds of this class exhibited excellent activity against wild‐type HIV‐1, with EC50 values in the range of 1.7–13.2 nM. Of these compounds, 2‐bromophenyl‐2‐[(4‐cyanophenyl)amino]‐4‐pyrimidinone hydrazone (9 k) displayed the most potent anti‐HIV‐1 activity (EC50=1.7±0.6 nM), with excellent selectivity for infected over uninfected cells (SI=5762). In addition, the 4‐methyl phenyl analogue 9 d (EC50=2.4±0.2 nM, SI=18461) showed broad spectrum HIV inhibitory activity, with EC50 values of 2.4±0.2 nM against wild‐type HIV‐1, 5.3±0.4 μM against HIV‐1 double‐mutated strain RES056 (K103N+Y181C), and 5.5 μM against HIV‐2 ROD strain. Furthermore, structure–activity relationship (SAR) data and molecular modeling results for these compounds are also discussed.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel diarylpyrimidines with hydromethyl linker (CH(OH)-DAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs.

A series of 26 diarylpyrimidines, characterized by the hydroxymethyl linker between the left wing benzene ring and the central pyrimidine, were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anti-HIV activity. Most of the compounds exhibited moderate to excellent activities against wild-type HIV-1. Among them, compound 10i, bearing a chlorine atom at the C-2 position of left benzene ring, was the best congener and showed potent activity against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 0.009 μM, along with moderate activities against the double RT mutant (K103N+Y181C) HIV-1(III(B)) and HIV-2(ROD) with an EC(50) value of 6.2 and 6.0 μM, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this new series of compounds was also investigated.

Molecular design, synthesis and biological evaluation of BP-O-DAPY and O-DAPY derivatives as non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

This paper reports the synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a series of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) that combine the peculiar structural features of diarylpyrimidine derivatives (DAPYs) and benzophenone derivatives (BPs). The DAPY derivatives bearing benzoyl or alkoxyl substitutes on the A-ring showed the inhibitory activity against wild-type HIV-1 at the cellular level within the range of EC50 values from micromolar to nanomolar. Among these compounds, 1u exhibited the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50 = 0.06 ± 0.01 μM, SI > 6260), which were about 1.8-fold more active than nevirapine (NVP) and delavirdine (DLV). In addition, the binding modes with HIV-1 RT and the preliminary SAR studies of these derivatives were also considered for further investigation.

Chiral resolution, absolute configuration assignment and biological activity of racemic diarylpyrimidine CH(OH)-DAPY as potent nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

(+)-3a and (-)-3a were successfully separated from racemate (±)-3a by the chiral technique of supercritical fluid chromatography (SCF) with enantiomeric excess (ee%) >99% and purity >99%, and assigned for their absolute configuration as R and S, respectively, by the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum and simulated ECD spectra calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. (+)-(R)-3a displayed excellent activity with an EC(50) of 5.3 nM against wild-type HIV-1, which was 12-fold more potent than (-)-(S)-3a. However, (-)-(S)-3a showed higher potency than (+)-(R)-3a against the double HIV-1 RT mutant (K103N+Y181C) as well as HIV-2 strain ROD. The possible reason for the difference of (R)- and (S)-3a in anti-HIV-1 activity was interpreted by molecular docking.

Dihydro-alkoxyl-benzyl-oxopyrimidine Derivatives (DABOs) As Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: An Update Review (2001-2011)

Numerous structurally different non-nucleoside compounds have been evaluated for their inhibitory effects against HIV replication, in which DABO derivatives, bearing the dihydro-alkoxyl-benzyl-oxopyrimidine scaffold, have been identified as a particular class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The S-DABO, NH-DABO, -N-DABO, DATNO and DACO analogs represent various structural chemical modifications of the substituents on C2, C6 and C5 of the pyrimidine ring to obtain potentially higher potency and lower cytotoxicity. This review article describes the recent progress of the chemical modifications and structure-activity relationship studies of DABO derivatives and provides new clues for the design of new DABO congeners.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cycloalkyl arylpyrimidines (CAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs

A series of 18 cycloalkyl arylpyrimidines (CAPYs) were designed from lead compounds diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs), synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anti-HIV activity. Among them, the compound 1p displayed potent anti-HIV-1 activity against WT HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 0.055 μM and a selectivity index (SI) >7290. The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this new series of compounds was also investigated, which enriched the SAR of diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs).

Synthesis and biological activity of naphthyl-substituted (B-ring) benzophenone derivatives as novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A novel series of benzophenone derivatives with B-ring substituted by naphthyl ring has been synthesized and evaluated as non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Most of these compounds showed good to moderate activity against wild-type HIV-1 and mutated viruses. In particular, the analogue 10i demonstrated the most potent activity against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC₅₀ value of 4.8 nM, and with a high selectivity index up to 10347.9, it also proved to be active against the HIV-1 double mutant strain A₁₇ (K103N+Y181C) with an EC₅₀ value of 2.1 μM. In addition, the molecular modeling study was used to explore the major interactions between the potent inhibitors with the HIV-1 RT. The investigation of the structure-activity relationships may serve as an important lead for the further optimization.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthyl phenyl ethers (NPEs) as novel nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A novel series of naphthyl phenyl ether analogues (NPEs) have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activities against HIV in C8166 cells. Most of the compounds exhibited moderate to excellent anti-HIV activities. Among them the most active compound 12o showed excellent activities against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 4.60 nM, along with moderate activities against the double mutant strain HIV-1(IIIB) A17 (K103N+Y181C) and HIV-2 strain ROD with an EC(50) value of 0.82 and 4.40 μM, respectively. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) among the newly synthesized NPEs was also investigated.

Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and docking studies of N-phenylarylformamide derivatives (PAFAs) as non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A series of N-phenylarylformamide derivatives (PAFAs) with anti-wild-type HIV-1 activity (EC(50) values) ranging from 0.3 nM to 5.1 nM and therapeutic index (TI) ranging from 10 616 to 271 000 were identified as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Among them, compound 13g (EC(50) = 0.30 nM, TI = 184 578), 13l (EC(50) = 0.37 nM, TI = 212 819), 13m (EC(50) = 0.32 nM, TI = 260 617) and 13r (EC(50) = 0.27 nM, TI = 271 000) displayed the highest activity against this type virus nearly as potent as lead compound GW678248. Moreover, all of them were also active to inhibit the double mutant strain A(17) (K103N + Y181C) with EC(50) values of 0.29 μM, 0.14 μM, 0.10 μM and 0.27 μM, respectively. In particular, compound 13m, which showed broad-spectrum anti-HIV activity, was also effective to inhibit the HIV-2 ROD replication within 4.37 μM concentration.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of (±)-benzhydrol derivatives as potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A series of (±)-benzhydrol derivatives featuring the essential sulfonamide group at the para position on the C-ring were synthesized and evaluated for the potential anti-HIV activity in C8166 cells. Most of these analogues demonstrated low concentration inhibitory activity with EC(50) values less than 1 μM against the wild-type HIV-1. In particular, compound 7h was identified as the highest active inhibitor of wild-type HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 0.12 μM and selectivity index value of 312.73. Furthermore, some of them also exhibited moderate activity against the double mutant strain A(17) (K103N+Y181C) with EC(50) values lower than 5 μM. In addition, the binding modes with RT and the preliminary structure-activity relationships of these derivatives were also explored for further chemical modifications.