Shikha Srivastava

Role of enzymatic free radical scavengers in management of oxidative stress in autoimmune disorders

Autoimmune disorders are distinct with over production and accumulation of free radicals due to its undisclosed genesis. The cause of numerous disorders as cancer, arthritis, psoriasis, diabetes, alzheimers, cardiovascular disease, Parkinsons, respiratory distress syndrome, colitis, crohns, pulmonary fibrosis, obesity and ageing have been associated with immune dysfunction and oxidative stress. In an oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species generally provoke the series of oxidation at cellular level. The buildup of free radicals in turn triggers various inflammatory cells causing release of various inflammatory interleukins, cytokines, chemokines, and tumor necrosis factors which mediate signal transduction and transcription pathways as nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). The imbalance could only be combat by supplementing natural defensive antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. The efficiency of these enzymes is enhanced by use of colloidal carriers which include cellular carriers, vesicular and particulate systems like erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, liposomes, transferosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, microspheres, emulsions. Thus this review provides a platform for understanding importance of antioxidant enzymes and its therapeutic applications in treatment of various autoimmune disorders.

Preparation and optimization of chitosan-gelatin films for sustained delivery of lupeol for wound healing

Lupeol entrapped chitosan-gelatin hydrogel (LCGH) films were prepared by solution cast method by blending chitosan and gelatin solution using glycerol as plasticizer, followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. LCGH films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), equilibrium water content (EWC), Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and in vitro release studies. SEM confirmed presence of the uniform porous network of both blank and LCGH films. The incorporation of lupeol in hydrogel was confirmed FTIR and DSC. The LCGH film was smooth, flexible, non-brittle and showed excellent swelling ability. EWC (85.40%) and WVTR (2228±31.8) met the condition of ideal wound dressing. The biological activity of lupeol was assessed by antioxidant and antibacterial assay. Antioxidant assay confirmed that lupeol and LCGH film have excellent antioxidant properties by scavenging both radicals at steady increasing rate which increases with time due to steady release of lupeol. Antibacterial activity of lupeol in LCGH film was found to be retained as assessed by disc diffusion method. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay with NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. The MTT assay showed that the CGH film evidently offered acceptable cell viability and non-toxicity. These observations depicted that chitosan/gelatin hydrogel film can be an ideal delivery system for sustained released of lupeol and LCGH film for enhanced wound healing.

Ceramic nanoparticles: Recompense, cellular uptake and toxicity concerns

Over the past few years, nanoparticles and their role in drug delivery have been the centre of attraction as new drug delivery systems. Various forms of nanosystems have been designed, such as nanoclays, scaffolds and nanotubes, having numerous applications in areas such as drug loading, target cell uptake, bioassay and imaging. The present study discusses various types of nanoparticles, with special emphasis on ceramic nanocarriers. Ceramic materials have high mechanical strength, good body response and low or non-existing biodegradability. In this article, the various aspects concerning ceramic nanoparticles, such as their advantages over other systems, their cellular uptake and toxicity concerns are discussed in detail.

Novel catalase loaded nanocores for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases

Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder of the digestive tract reported to be primarily caused by oxidative stress. In this study, alginate encapsulated nanoceramic carriers were designed to deliver acid labile antioxidant enzyme catalase orally. Complete system was characterized for size, loading efficiency, in vitro antioxidant assay and in vitro release. The prepared nanoceramic system was found to be spherical with diameter of 925u2009±u20096.81u2009nm. The in vitro release data followed the Higuchi model in acidic buffer whereas in alkaline pH sustained and almost first order release of enzyme was observed up to 6u2009h.

Rationalized Insights on Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Elderly and Women: Special Emphasis on Treatment Strategies

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder distinguished by synovial inflammation followed by destruction of joint. The pathogenesis of arthritis involves immune imbalance of the endogenous system. Causative factors include immune imbalance, oxidative stress, genetics, and environment. Continued effort has been made to treat RA via chemical, enzymatic, genetic, and hormonal approaches. RA has been reported more in the aged and in women. Arthritis necessitates lifelong administration of drugs to maintain quality of life. The major challenges of treatment are the side effects associated with these drugs. Novel approaches and targets have been explored as alternative measures to relieve pain in RA sufferers. Customary treatment strategies have limited therapeutic capability with episodes of associated side effects. Thus, revolutionary advances in novel RA-targeted drug delivery strategies are needed for efficient therapies and to meet the demand for treatment. The current review summarizes the pathogenesis of RA, its causative factors, and therapeutic approaches. These approaches are discussed with regard to mode of action, pharmacokinetics, marketed products, side effects of individual RA drugs, recent developments, modifications in the delivery of various drugs through targeted ligands, novel drug carriers as vesicular, particulate, self assembled, cellular, ceramic systems, and future prospects.

In vitro and In vivo characterization of quercetin loaded multiphase hydrogel for wound healing application

The present work aim to prepare and evaluate multiphase hydrogel system incorporated with quercetin loaded liposomes (QLH), for wound healing. The quercetin loaded liposomal hydrogel were prepared by taking 15% carbopol and varying gelatin ratio. The clear and transparent hydrogel was obtained by taking ratio of gelatin to carbapol (6/4) compared to other ratios. The best prepared hydrogel were characterized for surface morphology, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), swelling ratio, hemocompatibility, stability, in-vitro release and in-vivo studies. The evaluated results of (QLH) for surface morphology, WVTR, swelling ratio, hemocompatibility and in-vitro release were found to be significant compared to other prepared formulations. Consequently, on basis of optimized hydrogel was selected to study wound healing activity in albino rats. The results demonstrated accelerated wound-healing with significant decrease in wound closure time compared to conventional dosage form. The results of in-vitro and in-vivo promises reliable mode of treatment for connective tissue disorder as wound healing.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Autoimmune Disease Prevalent in Females

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder. Females are highly affected by the ill effect of arthritis due to misbalancing of sex hormone. Macrophages, T cells and B cells infiltrate the synovium that lines the joints, while the synovial fluid is dominated by neutrophils. Chronic inflammation leads to destruction of joint cartilage and bone. Several research findings indicate the involvement of sex hormones in RA. B cells and T cells promotes pathogenesis of arthritis. Marked pathogenesis of arthritis is dominant in female compared to male. Active involvement of T cells and B cells produces proinflammatory cytokines observed.

Folate-Conjugated Superoxide Dismutase Adsorbed Over Antioxidant Mimicking Nanomatrix Frameworks for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease occurring in larger population, characterized by synovial inflammation followed by destruction of joint. Major concerned factor for cause of RA has been related to oxidative stress due to environmental toxicity and immune imbalance. Reactive oxygen species generated from macrophages communes series of oxidation at cellular and genetic level and leads to generation of inflammatory cytokines for provoking inflammation in RA. Superoxide dismutase and catalase are supposed to be potential antioxidant enzymes to scavange free radicals. However, many clinical studies report reduced potency of enzyme due to lack of its targeting efficacy. Therefore, the aim of the work involves development of nanomatrix mimicking as catalase over which folate-linked superoxide dismutase was adsorbed for a macrophage targeting. The developed formulation was optimized, characterized for morphological studies, enzyme loading efficiency, protein activity, and inxa0vitro drug release. Quantification of interleukin 6 was performed by indirect enzyme linked immunosborent assay over macrophage cell lines to determine inxa0vitro treatment efficacy. It is concluded that the prepared system can act as enzyme reservoir to deliver acid labile enzymes in controlled form to efficiently treat RA.