Shinsuke Kayashima

Leucocytosis as a marker of organ damage induced by chronic strenuous physical exercise.

The effects of strenuous physical exercise on the serial changes in the haematological, biochemical and hormonal markers were investigated. A group of 14 soldiers, aged 24–36 years, took part in a military training course for about 13 weeks. After severe exercise stress, an increase (90%) in the number of peripheral blood leucocytes was observed. The degree of leucocytosis showed a close correlation with the values of some serum parameters, such as concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST;r = 0.747), lactate dehydrogenase (LD;r = 0.748), blood urea nitrogen (r = 0.756), creatine kinase (CK;r = 0.637), manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD;r = 0.508), alanine aminotransferase (ALT;r = 0.542) and uric acid (r = 0.538), and concentrations of urinary parameters, such as vanilmandelic acid (r = 0.429) and free cortisol (r = 0.437). The subjects showing prominent leucocytosis over 9500 cells · μl−1 exhibited a lower concentration of serum cholinesterase than those who showed milder leucocytosis. The serum Mn-SOD concentration was closely correlated with the serial changes in serum concentrations of AST, ALT, LD and CK, indicating exercise-induced muscle and liver damage. The change in peripheral leucocyte number was assumed to be diagnostically informative and may be a prognostic marker, reflecting organ damage and restoration after strenuous physical exercise.

Transcutaneous lactate monitoring based on a micro-planar amperometric biosensor

Abstract A transcutaneous lactate monitoring method has been developed by combining a suction effusion fluid (SEF) collecting technique with a micro-planar amperometric biosensor. SEF is directly collected by a weak suction through the skin from which the stratum corneum has been removed. A micro-planar biosensor, has also been developed for determining lactate concentrations in very small samples. The biosensor utilizes a lactate oxidase immobilized membrane on a micro planar platinum electrode to yield a lactate sensor. The sensor is based on amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide generated by the lactate oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of l -lactate. The linearity of the lactate sensor response was obtained from 0.5 mM to 25 mM and the response time was about 10 s. The sensor was applied to the SEF lactate measurement of a rabbit during induced high lactate levels. Lactate concentrations measured with SEF showed good correlation with those obtained directly from whole blood. This result suggests the feasibility of transcutaneous lactate monitoring without the use of blood sampling.

Development of a transcutaneous blood-constituent monitoring method using a suction effusion fluid collection technique and an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor glucose sensor

The paper describes a method for the transcutaneous monitoring of blood constituents. It combines the use of a suction effusion fluid (SEF) collecting technique with a silicon on sapphire/ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (SOS/ISFET) biosensor. SEF is directly collected by a weak evacuation through skin from which the stratum corneum has been removed. An SEF collecting cell with a stainless-steel mesh at the bottom is kept in a weak vacuum condition, and SEF is sucked up through the mesh and deposited in a reservoir above. An ISFET glucose sensor is able to detect glucose concentrations in very small SEF samples through the use of two small ISFETs and an immobilised enzyme membrane. The reliability of transcutaneously obtained SEF was first confirmed in an experiment using rabbits. A clinical analyser was used to determine levels of glucose, urea nitrogen and creatinine in SEF obtained transcutaneously; these results are compared with results obtained by the same analyser directly from sera. The ISFET glucose sensor was successfully tested on human subjects for the monitoring of blood glucose levels. During these tests, glucose level changes in the SEF followed acutal blood glucose level changes with a slight time delay. Results suggest the feasibility of non-invasive, transcutaneous monitoring of low molecular weight substances in the blood without the use of ordinary blood sampling.

A portable transcutaneous blood glucose monitoring system using non-invasive collection of suction effusion fluid from skin

The authors developed a new portable transcutaneous blood glucose monitoring system using non-invasive collection of suction effusion fluid (SEF) from human skin. A ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) sensor was employed to measure glucose concentration in a very small quantity of the SEF. The system is self-contained for portable usage during up to 6 hrs monitoring. This system may be the first blood glucose monitoring equipment which does not use blood sampling.<<ETX>>

New transcutaneous sampling of glucose for patients with type II diabetes using an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor

Blood glucose change during the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (g OGTT) was monitored by suction effusion fluid (SEF) sampling in five patients with type II diabetes. SEF is a small volume of fluid sampled by sucking the stratum corneum-stripped skin by an absolute pressure of 400 mmHg without bleeding or subcutaneous hemorrhage. Serum glucose and SEF glucose in each 5-μl sample were measured by an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) glucose sensor. The coefficients of determination between the SEF and serum glucose change were between 0.759 and 0.964, and after adjusting sampling delay they became between 0.839 and 0.996, irrespective of the patients age, diabetic history and diabetic complications. The damage to the sucked skin surface was mild with pressed mesh forms. Transcutaneous monitoring was achieved in diabetic patients with mild skin damage by the SEF sampling method.

Transcutaneous biochemical substance monitoring based on biosensors-blood glucose and lactate

New transcutaneous monitoring methods for biochemical substances such as blood glucose and lactate have been developed by using a suction effusion fluid (SEF) collecting technique with an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor for blood glucose, and with a micro-planar amperometric biosensor for lactate respectively. Firstly, blood glucose change during the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was monitored by suction effusion fluid (SEF) sampling in 5 patients with type II diabetes. Secondly, the authors have also developed a micro planar biosensor for determining lactate concentration in very small sample. The biosensor utilizes a lactate oxidase immobilized membrane on a micro planar platinum electrode to yield a lactate sensor. Both glucose and lactate concentrations measured with SEF showed good correlation with those obtained directly from whole blood.

The Measurement of thickness of stratum corneum using dansyl chloride fluorescence

We measured intensity and spectrum of DC fluorescence in order to measure thickness of stratum corneum . Five % DC ointment was applied occlusively for 24 hrs on lower abdominal skin of mongrel dogs , we stripped the skin in several grades with adhesive tape , and measured DC fluorescence with He-Cd laser radiation (325nm) and UV lamp radiation (366nm) using photomultipliers . We employed normalization method using one of UV lamp emission line, the normalized DC fluorescence declined depending on the stripping rate . We also studied the enhance effects for tape stripping by kelatolytic agent (5% salicylic acid) . Although stratum corneum was clearly decreased in histological obserbation , we could not obtain clear dependence of DC fluorescence on corneum thickness by some issues on histlogical specimen preparation

Transcutaneous blood glucose monitoring for diabetics using an ISFET glucose sensor

Transcutaneous blood glucose monitoring using an ISFET glucose sensor, was successfully achieved for five diabetic patients. This system consists of a Suction Effusion Huid (SEF) collecting unit, an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) glucose sensor unit and a control unit. The SEF was collected by a 400 mmHg absolute pressure, applied to the skin surface during 75g oral glucose loading. The glucose concentrations in 5 μ1 SEF were measured by an ISFET glucose sensor, compared with blood glucose changes. SEF glucose changes faithfully followed blood glucose changes with a few minutes delay. Frequent blood glucose monitoring were transcutaneously realized for individual patients with various diabetic histories or diabetic complications.

Transcutaneous Measurement Of Bio-substances By Suction Effusion Fluid From Skin TT

Successful transcutaneous blood glucose monitoring on human subjects has been achieved. Effusion fluid is collected from the skin using a recently developed suction apparatus, and glucose concentration in the fluid is measured. During a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test on normal subjects, frequent transcutaneous monitoring of blood glucose change was achieved with an improved ion-sensitive field effect transistor glucose sensor which can measure glucose concentration in only 5- mu l samples. >