Shivangi Gupta

Genetically altered fields in head and neck cancer and second field tumor.

The concept of field cancerization has been ever changing since its first description by Slaughter et al in 1953. Field cancerization explains the mechanisms by which second primary tumors (SPTs) develop. SPTs are the tumors, which develop in the oral cavity in succession to the primary malignant tumors, which might vary in duration ranging from few months to years. Conceivably, a population of daughter cells with early genetic changes (without histopathology) remains in the organ, demonstrating the concept of field cancerization. This review explains the concept of field cancerization and various field theories along with molecular basis of field formation.

Oral field cancerization: An update

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) often develop multiple (pre) malignant lesions. This finding led to the field of the cancerization theory, which hypothesizes that the entire epithelial surface of the upper aerodigestive tract has an increased risk for the development of (pre) malignant lesions, because of multiple genetic abnormalities in the whole tissue region. Cancer begins with multiple cumulative epigenetic and genetic alterations that sequentially transform a cell or a group of cells in a particular organ. These early genetic events may lead to the clonal expansion of preneoplastic daughter cells in a particular tumor field. Subsequent genomic changes in some of these cells drive them toward the malignant phenotype. These transformed cells are diagnosed histopathologically as cancers, owing to changes in the cell morphology. Conceivably, a population of daughter cells with early genetic changes (without histopathology) remains in the organ, demonstrating the concept of field cancerization. This review explains the concept of field cancerization and various field theories along with a molecular basis of field formation.

Association between use of tobacco and age on graying of hair

Aims and Objectives: To determine the association between smoking, chewing tobacco (gutka), and age of individual on graying of hair. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 120 patients attending the Outpatient Department of the DJ College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, UP. The individuals were classified into four groups (group I, II, III, IV) on the basis of the form of tobacco use (smoking or chewing). The Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to find the correlation between the mean percentage of individuals with gray hair, risk multiplication factor (RMF), and age of the individual. Results: Mean percentage of individual with gray hair and RMF (r = 0.6487) are found to be positively associated. A significant and positive correlation was observed between the age of the individual and the frequency of individuals with gray hair. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is a significant association between tobacco use and aging on graying of hair.

An insight in to Paget's disease of bone

Paget′s disease of bone (PDB) is a common disorder which may affect one or many bones. Although many patients are asymptomatic, a variety of symptoms and complications may occur. PDB is a focal disorder of bone turnover characterized by excessive bone resorption coupled with bone formation. PDB begins with a period of increased osteoclastic activity and bone resorption, followed by increased osteoblast production of woven bone that is poorly mineralized. In the final phase of the disease process, dense cortical and trabecular bone deposition predominates, but the bone is sclerotic and poorly organized and lacks the structural integrity and strength of normal bone. This article briefly reviews the etiopathogenesis, clinical radiographic and histological features of Paget′s disease.

Update on Hodgkin's lymphoma

Lymphomas constitute approximately 5% of all malignant neoplasms of the head and neck. They are divided into two major subtypes, Hodgkins lymphomas (HLs) and non-HLs, depending on the presence or absence of Reed-Sternberg cells (RSCs). HL is a malignant tumor characterized by pleomorphic lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltrate with multinucleated RSCs. HL is regarded as encompassing two clearly defined entities according to the WHO classification: Nodular lymphocyte predominant HL and classical HL. These two entities differ in clinical features and behavior but, more importantly, in the pathological and biological features of their neoplastic and microenvironmental compartments. The etiology of HD remains unknown. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HL The diagnosis of HL is based on the finding of Reed-Sternberg cells (RSCs) in an appropriate cellular background of reactive lymphocytes and, in some cases fibrosis. The staging system for HL is the Ann Arbor staging system which was developed in 1971. This paper reviews the clinical presentation, classification, various variants and pathogenesis of HL.