Showkeen Muzamil

Naringenin (4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) suppresses the development of precancerous lesions via controlling hyperproliferation and inflammation in the colon of Wistar rats

Colon cancer is a world‐wide health problem and one of the most dangerous type of cancer, affecting both men and women. Naringenin (4, 5, 7‐trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the major flavone glycoside present in citrus fruits. Naringenin has long been used in Chineses traditional medicine because of its exceptional pharmacological properties and non‐toxic nature. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive potential of Naringenin against 1,2‐dimethyhydrazine (DMH)‐induced precancerous lesions, that is, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin depleted foci (MDF), and its role in regulating the oxidative stress, inflammation and hyperproliferation, in the colon of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups. In groups 3‐5, Naringenin was administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg b. wt. orally while in groups 2‐4, DMH was administered subcutaneously in the groin at the dose of 20 mg/kg b. wt. once a week for first 5 weeks and animals were euthanized after 10 weeks. Administration of Naringenin ameliorated the development of DMH‐induced lipid peroxidation, ROS formation, precancerous lesions (ACF and MDF) and it also reduced the infiltration of mast cells, suppressed the immunostaining of NF‐κB‐p65, COX‐2, i‐NOS PCNA and Ki 67 Naringenin treatment significantly attenuated the level of TNF‐α and it also prevented the depletion of the mucous layer. Our findings suggest that Naringenin has strong chemopreventive potential against DMH‐induced colon carcinogenesis but further studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of Naringenin.

Zingerone (4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) butan-2-one) protects against alloxan-induced diabetes via alleviation of oxidative stress and inflammation: Probable role of NF-kB activation

Diabetes is considered as the most common metabolic disease affecting millions of people all around the world. Use of natural herbal medicines can be effective in treating diabetes. Zingerone (4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) butan-2-one) a polyphenolic alkanone extracted from ginger has a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties and thus can be used as a promising candidate against various ailments. In the current study we aimed at demonstrating the protective effect of zingerone against diabetes mellitus and elucidating its possible mechanism. Five groups of animals (I-V) were made with ten animals each. Group I (control) was given normal saline orally. Group II (diabetic positive control) was given alloxan at the dose rate of 100u202fmg/kg bwt once. Group III and IV was given alloxan once at the dose rate of 100u202fmg/kg bwt. and received oral treatment of zingerone at a dose rate of 50 and 100u202fmg/kg bwt respectively daily for 21u202fdays. Group V was given alloxan at the dose of 100u202fmg/kg bwt. and was treated with standard drug glibenclamide at the dose rate of 4.5u202fmg/kg bwt. daily for 21u202fdays. According to our findings we confirmed that zingerone restrained the alloxan induced oxidative stress by increasing the activity of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and reducing the peroxidative damage. We also confirmed that zingerone suppressed the level of redox sensitive transcription factor NFκB and downregulated other downstream inflammatory cytokines like interleukins (IL1-β IL-2, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, the experimental findings suggested that zingerone improved the insulin levels. Taken together our results indicated that zingerone effectively ameliorated the diabetes induced complications which provide a strong theoretical basis for zingerone to be used clinically for treatment of diabetes.

Antifibrotic effects of D-limonene (5(1-methyl-4-[1-methylethenyl]) cyclohexane) in CCl4 induced liver toxicity in Wistar rats

This study was designed to assess the potential antifibrotic effect of D‐Limonene—a component of volatile oils extracted from citrus plants. D‐limonene is reported to have numerous therapeutic properties. CCl4‐intduced model of liver fibrosis in Wistar rats is most widely used model to study chemopreventive studies. CCl4‐intoxication significantly increased serum aminotransferases and total cholesterol these effects were prevented by cotreatment with D‐Limonene. Also, CCl4‐intoxication caused depletion of glutathione and other antioxidant enzymes while D‐Limonene preserved them within normal values. Hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde content was increased markedly by CCl4 treatment while D‐Limonene prevented these alterations. Levels of TNF‐α, TGF‐β, and α‐SMA were also assessed; CCl4 increased the expression of α‐SMA, NF‐κB and other downstream inflammatory cascade while D‐Limonene co‐treatment inhibited them. Collectively these findings indicate that D‐Limonene possesses potent antifibrotic effect which may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties.